Progymnasmata Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Progymnasmata - Essay Example A list of 14 exercises is included in progymnasmataranked in order of their increasing complexity, and increasing demand of knowledge required. These assessments are namely fable i.e. when a folk tale is repeated, narrative that basically follows fiction or non-fiction, Chreiai.e. based on a famous quote or action, Proverb i.e. asking students to argue for and against a topic, Refutation that disproves a narrative, Confirmation that approves the narrative, Commonplace i.e.based on some common advice, Encomium that describes someone’s aims, Invective that disapproves of some evil act, Comparison i.e. simple comparison of two objects or beings, Personification i.e. the description of some fictional character, Description that generates graphically a certain subject, Argument that describes a research been done generally, and then Legislation in which argument arises for and against the law. The rhetorical exercises first starts at lower level, students are given short trainings for recitations. These exercises increases with time and then they are followed by elongated training exercises for their own speech sessions. This way of training is used in two periods of art; classical and renaissance. The training followed the specific order of implementation; there is a predefined plan, which is followed to take students towards Progymnasmata. Different levels of training as mentioned above include; fable, narrative, chreia, proverb, refutation and some others while this course of implementation ends with description, thesis, and defense.(Rapind Intellect Group) Progymnasmata remains popular for long time due to its unique ways of implementation, small exercises are easier to follow and the level of understanding increases gradually. At start the training for easy paraphrasing, narration and refutation is given when the

The Concept of National Security in Understanding Contemporary Term Paper

The Concept of National Security in Understanding Contemporary Conflicts - Term Paper Example The first step would be to discard the notion related to the nature of the future wars and international conflicts which are in real sense unrealistic. This kind of future has been believed to have gained some significant acceptance in the past. The quick and easy victory of the US Marine over Iraq in the 1990's gulf war, for instance, is seen to have to lead to military affairs revolution as a result of the competitive advantage to the US if these advancements are something to go by. There has been a general belief that there is no likely hood of having a major rival competitor of the United States military warfare in the near future. This has resulted in several other countries having the promise of cheap and fast victory as far as military concepts are concerned. This notion subsequently has led to a reduction of the dependency of the military might that has led further to the transformation of the department of defense. These transformations of the defense department need consideration of the military's experience in past conflicts. In the case of the States, its military experience has been characterized by protracted by the counterinsurgency which is coupled with the countries building. The efforts would call for further reforms in the sector of security of the countries citizens, economic development as well as reconstruction and creation of government capacity building which goes hand in hand with the rule of law creation. Regarding the experiences gained, one needs to have enough experience as well as awareness for the need of abandoning the transformation of the department of defense orthodoxy and subsequently go for the most essential changes which are required in the development and restructuring of the defense to enable sufficient defense for the entire country (McMaster, 2009).     Ã‚   The military's development and advancement would be achieved through the approach employed by the authorities in employing the forces to protect the nation's interests. Prior to any major attack, the defense has been put under much scrutiny regarding their abilities to handle the conflict or the contemporary issue.

1984 Skeleton Outline Essay Example for Free

1984 Skeleton Outline Essay â€Å"I used to think that cyberspace was fifty years away. What I thought was fifty years away, was only ten years away. And what I thought was ten years away it was already here. I just wasnt aware of it yet†. Bruce Sterling (www. brainyquote. com) Technology has helped society achieve great strides in the world today. It has helped us to walk on the moon and find cures for certain cancers. However, technology can also have horrible and devastating effects. This is best illustrated in Orwell’s novel, 1984. Orwell’s novel has been adapted by Michael Radford who captured Orwell’s technologically inclined society through a visual medium. See more: Social process essay Radford’s film portrayed Orwell’s idea of 1984 more effectively. This will be proven through examination of additions and deletions of scenes, cinematography, and casting. Radford’s additions and deletions leave the audience questioning his choice. At the end of the film Radford leaves the audience with unanswered questions, whereas in the novel, Orwell had clear visual clues the answered the questions. â€Å"But it was all right, everything was all right the struggle was finished. He had won the victory over himself. He loved Big Brother. (Orwell 311) An affective addition Radford included in his 1984, was towards the end of the film, Julia and Winston were planned to meet up with each other. In the novel, they had not planned to meet and just so happened that they bumped into each other. â€Å"Actually, it was by chance that they had met. It was in the Park, on a vile, biting day in March, when the earth was like iron and all the grass seemed dead and there was not a bud anywhere except a few crocuses which had pushed themselves up to be dismembered by the wind. He was hurrying along with frozen hands and watering eyes when he saw her not ten metres away from him. It struck him at once that she had changed in some ill-defined way. † (IBID 304) Make sure that you state why this quote is significant in proving that Radford was better at depicting Orwell’s vision. In the novel when Winston goes to meet O’Brien to get the Newspeak dictionary Julia was there with him. In the film when Winston goes to meet O’Brien to get the Newspeak dictionary Julia was not there, Radford has this addition included to emphasize how much Julia did not care about the Party. Radford`s interpretation of 1984 of additions and deletions was very affective. Radford’s use of cinematography was well done based on Orwell’s vision. With the help of color or if you look at it another way, a lack of colour, the film was meant to be shot in a dull and dreary setting. Radford was able to get across to the viewers, the sense of depression. * (put a quote in here of anything that describes any way that they dress or any of the colors that are described in the novel) Consider the opening couple of paragraphs. You could also talk about the scene in the film where his mother died and compare that to another scene to show how times have changed. Radford used bland and mechanized colors such as grey, navy blue and black. In Radford’s 1984 there was a scene shown of Hurt walking home from work and there was no color but greys, and a small amount of a dull navy blue. The actors in the film were too wearing dull navy uniforms and that was it. This was a perfect representation of the way Radford emphasized how dull the film was. The characters in the film, more specifically, John Hurt and Suzanna Hamilton, were also physically grey looking. Their skin was dead looking and physically sick which helped Radford set the theme of the film. (Use the description of the golden country are they the same in the novel and the film? ) If so how? If not how are they different ? Radford’s character selection was very effective that helped to portray Orwell’s vision. Radford’s 1984 was well cast. John Hurt acted just the way he was described in the novel. Although he did not speak much, Hurt used excellent facial expressions in order to get his point across and to communicate with others. â€Å"Winston Smith (John Hurt) is 39, but he has the skinny, wizened look of a perpetually chilled, undernourished child, whose face is that of an old man. † (www. ovie. nytimes. com) Julia, Suzanna Hamilton, was better depicted in the film than in the novel. â€Å"She brings a captivating freshness and warmth to her role, a little reminiscent of a young Harriet Anderson. Her pale, wiry, broad-hipped body has a simple, unaffected, almost archetypal beauty, and in the film’s more intimate moments, she radiates all the tactile sensual grace of a Munch or Degas nude†. (www. IMBd. com) Hamilton helps to portray Julia being a very rebellious character. In the film, Julia was an upfront kind of character whereas in the novel Julia seemed very closed yet didn’t really say much. Radford’s film adaptation of 1984 does effectively portray Orwell’s vision. This was proven by characters, additions and deletions, cinematography. Radford’s cinematography is an excellent adaptation of Orwell’s plot. The characters were well cast and Orwell’s vision was seen. The additions and deletions are very effective in portraying the vision of 1984. Overall Radford’s film does Orwell’s novel justice. Maybe for your conclusion keep the compare and contrast going. So for example Orwell made many choices about where to place characters in the novel but Radford adding or deleting them was a better choice for the vision as a whole.

Disney Movie Analysis: Lady and the Tramp

Disney Movie Analysis: Lady and the Tramp Zeinab Kobeissi Abstract Lady and the Tramp is a Disney cartoon considered one of their classics and based on Disney’s conventional plot which circles around two main protagonists comprised of the damsel in distress, Lady, and the hero who comes to her rescue, Tramp. This essay aims to examine reinforced stereotypes, stigmas and certain roles that are portrayed through characters in The Lady and the Tramp, while also discussing the influence and the insights of the protagonists in the cartoon. Keywords: Hollywood, Disney, misrepresentations, stereotypes, stigmas Lady and the Tramp There is a very typical Disney scenario that is present in â€Å"Lady and the Tramp†. There is always a damsel in distress that needs to be rescued, and in this particular animation it is a Cocker Spaniel called Lady, that is owned by a married couple that lives in a wealthy suburban region, and is quite pampered. She is a good-looking female dog with big inviting eyes, long and thick eyelashes and a groomed coat. She is comparable to other Disney female characters like the little mermaid, Cinderella, Snow White, etc. because she embodies the stereotypical beautiful and attractive female. For every damsel in distress there is always a hero ready to save her. The hero here is called, Tramp; a free spirited ladies’ man. Surprisingly, he doesn’t fit into the traditional male hero role when it comes to his appearance (a street dog) but, like all heroes, he ends up winning the female’s heart and they live happily ever after together. According to Disney’s Dolls article, archetypal Disney characters who are generally young females are in their nature happy and remain in suspended animation awaiting a man who would give them a life of adventure and meaning (Kathie Maoi, 1998). Here, Tramp rescues Lady after she is attacked by dogs that pursued her when she escaped from her foster’s house. Lady was under the care of Jim Dear and Darling, right until Tramp came along. Although Lady is not a human, she is nonetheless created with some makeup on, shaped eyebrows, long feminine eyelashes with big blue eyes and flowing hair; groomed and physically taken care of, unlike Tramp. Her speech is also quite refined and reflects a rather high status as a dog. Lady is purely another version of other Disney female characters that are repeatedly depicted as dependent, powerless damsels that fall into danger and require a male hero to save them from the trenches. (TV Tropes, n.d). The plot of the movie itself is not as complex as other Disney animations since here there are no actual villains but instead situations that simply oppose the two protagonists, like Aunt Sarah (the temporary foster) and the dog catchers. It is still however, a story centered on love and romance, highlighted in scenes like when Tramp invited Lady out for on a date at an Italian restaurant and they ended up kissing, and when he ultimately won her heart by attacking the rat at the end. The animation in its core is somewhat different from other classical Disney movies since all the leading characters are dogs. The supporting characters are the Siamese cats and the two human men Tony and Joe, the Italian owner/manager and chef. It still however presents characters that are charged with Asian, Mexican, Russian and Italian stereotypes. The Siamese cats in the movie, Si and Am, are represented with clichà ©d Asian manners of speech and typical slanted eyes. Their personalities are quite sneaky and cunning, always plotting and do not have the best of intentions. They even trashed the house’s living room where Lady was living, attempted to devour the pet fish, and even put the blame on Lady for the clutter that they themselves caused. Siamese cats in their nature however, are actually quite affectionate, reliable, and friendly, so their real characteristics were not reflected, but instead presented under false stereotypes of Siamese cats and of cats in general (Pet Wave, n.d). â€Å"Lady and the Tramp† was released soon after the Korean War ended and stereotypes of Asians were very widespread in the states, which explains the hidden implication of the Siamese cats. There is also the Chihuahua, Pedro, who lives in the dog pound and of course, has exaggerated Mexican traits and features. He is given a heavy Latino accent and actually says that he is in the country illegally. He appears only in the scene where Lady is taken to the dog pound after she is caught, and he is doing nothing except sitting in a pile of straw throughout the entire scene. He only says two lines in the whole movie; â€Å"pardon me, amigo. What is this ‘chili heel?† and â€Å"my sister Rosita Chiquita Juanita Chihuahua, I think†, both indicating the typical Mexican stereotypes of them having long names and being uneducated, obviously generalizing and misrepresenting (Pierre, 1999). These are among the standard stereotypes of Mexicans that are still evident today, continuously â€Å"[they are] portrayed as illiterate criminals†¦lazy, dirty, and physically unattractive† (Holder, 2012). There is also Boris, a Russian wolfhound that has a heavy Russian accent and is seen as the philosopher and deep thinker in the dog pound scene. Here there is more of a positive stereotypical representation of Russians that indeed portrays how Russians were once the heart of European philosophy, but is still a stereotype nonetheless. As a matter of fact, it was refreshing to see a constructive portrayal of Russians as they are often linked to the Mafia in American media (Ferguson, n.d.). There are also Toni and Joe who work at Toni’s restaurant, where the Tramps took Lady for their dinner date, who are both based on predictable Italian stereotypes as being chubby and jovial people who speak in a heavy accent and always use fast hands gestures. This is also a stereotype that steered away from the expected Mafia/gang association that is shown in mainstream media, but nevertheless does not reflect the truths of all Italians (Ferguson, n.d.). Some other representations are present in this Disney movie that are not exactly grounded on stereotypes but more on stigmas and positive images. The scene of the rat creeping into the babies’ room at the end of the movie to bite him does not seem very credible, and there exists a repetitive stigma of rats being wicked, crafty, and filthy, regularly correlated with disease and grime (TV Tropes, n.d.). Although the rat is not given an identity or a name, it is reproduced in such a negative light that the audience can easily form a negative image of rats in real life. When it comes to positive images, Lady’s’ neighbors, Jock and Trusty who are also her friends, are given positive roles that mirror true dog qualities such as outgoingness and devotion and even the obsession of burying bones in the yard (TV Tropes, n.d.). It is safe to say that Lady and the Tramp is a typical cartoon that is full of stereotypes and unreasonable beauty standards that are recurrently seen in other Disney classics. It heavily displays stereotypes that ultimately generate stigmas on particular ethnic groups like Asians and Latinos, which eventually lead to outbursts of aggression towards such minorities (Ferguson, n.d.). This warps the perceptions of such races and nationalities and even some animals, as in the case of the rat and cats as a whole, for young viewers who are exposed to these (mis)representations (Ferguson, n.d.). Lady and the Tramp is still probably a less intense version of other Disney movies that are fueled with heavy stereotypes, such as Aladdin, who rely greatly on negative stigma to formulate images of certain groups of peoples that usually end up being very far from accurate. References Fetini, A. (2009, December 9). Top 10 Disney Controversies. Time. Retrieved from http://entertainment.time.com/2009/12/09/top-10-disney-controversies/slide/lady-and-the-tramp/ Maio, K. (1998). Women, race culture in Disney’s movies. Retrieved from http://www.newint.org/easier-english/Disney/diswomen-p.html Misener, J. (2013, March 28). Are Disney Movies Racist? BuzzFeed. Retrieved from http://www.buzzfeed.com/jessicamisener/are-these-disney-movies-racist#.qjAo9v9Pg Pet Wave (n.d.). Siamese Cats. Retrieved from http://www.petwave.com/Cats/Breeds/Shorthair/Siamese/Temperament.aspx Tv Tropes (n.d.). Animal Stereotypes. Retrieved from http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/AnimalStereotypes Tv Tropes (n.d.). Damsels in Distress. Retrieved from http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/DamselInDistress?from=Main.DistressedDamsel (n.b.). (2012). Disney Stereotypes. Musings of a Mediaholic. Retrieved from https://bintmedia.wordpress.com/disney-stereotypes-lady-and-the-tramp/

The Effects of Birth Order Essay -- Birth Human Behavior Personality E

Does birth order have an effect on personality? Does being first born make people more responsible? If someone is the middle born child, are they going to be more rebellious? If people are last born are they more likely to be on television? Are first born children inconsiderate and selfish or reliable and highly motivated? These, and many other questions are being thoroughly studied by psychologists (Harrigan, 1992). In 1923, the renowned psychiatrist Dr. Alfred Adler, wrote that a person's position in the family leaves an undeniable "stamp" on his or her "style of life" (Marzollo, 1990). Research has shown that birth order does indeed affect a child; however, it does not automatically shape personality. If it did, life would be much more predictable and a great deal less interesting (Marzollo, 1990). Yogi Bera, a famous baseball player, said "Every now and then a reporter who thinks he is Freud asks me if being the youngest is why I made it (playing professional baseball). I almost alw ays say yes, but I don't think it had anything to do with it" (Harrigan, 1992). Birth order doesn't explain everything about human behavior. Personality is affected by many different factors, such as heredity, family size, the spacing and sex of siblings, education, and upbringing. However, there is an awful lot of research and plain old "law of averages" supporting the affect of birth order on personality (Leman, 1985). There are four basic classifications of birth order: the oldest, the only, the middle, and the youngest. Each has its own set of advantages, as well as its own set of disadvantages. While the birth order factor isn't always exact, it does give many clues about why people are the way they are (Leman, 1985). If there is one word that describes first born children it would be "perfectionist" (Harrigan, 1992). First born children tend to be high achievers in whatever they do. Some traits customarily used to label first born children include reliable, conscientious, list maker, well organized, critical, serious, scholarly (Leman, 1985), self-assured, good leadership ability, eager to please, and nurturing (Brazelton, 1994). Also, first born children seem to have a heightened sense of right and wrong. It is common in most books about birth order that first born children get more press than only, middle, and youngest children. This... ...ute as a darling little baby, but the next minute she's compared unfavorably with an older sibling. He or she is often unfairly compared with older and stronger siblings. According to Beverly Hills-based psychiatrist Carole Lieberman, M.D., the self-image of the youngest child may become confused (Lanning, 1991). As a result of conflicting experiences, youngest children can be extremely self-confident in someways and insecure in others (Leman, 1985). For the most part, youngest children learn to cope with the problems of self-doubt. In fact, youngest children often go on to become quite successful, thanks in part to their originality and determination to prove themselves to the world (Lanning, 1991). Often, they express their unique view of the world through the visual or literary arts. People-pleasing fields, such as art, comedy, entertainment and sales are full of youngest children (Lanning, 1991). Some examples of famous youngest children include Ronald Reagan (president, actor), Eddie Murphy (comedian), Paul Newman (actor), Mary Lou Retton (gymnast), Billy Crystal (comedian), Yogi Bera (baseball player), Ted Kennedy (politician), and Kevin Leman (psychologist)

Emerson College Essay

Short Answer A: My intended major at Emerson College is marketing and communication. I have been interested in marketing since I was very young. My parents started their own business when I was a kid, and I was often exposed to business related things (like dinners with clients, factory tours, etc. ). I enjoyed being a part of this experience, and found it very fascinating and helpful. These experiences led me to a handful of part time jobs that related to marketing, which only whetted my interest more. These jobs include being a salesperson, being part of a design team, and being an intern in a manufacturing company. A person who is good at marketing does not only have experience in the field, but also a strong personality. I enjoy persuading people to think in new ways or to build on ideas from other peoples’ comments, two skills that are key in marketing. I also enjoy marketing because it has a creative edge. And finally, I really enjoy being a leader, which will serve me well in working with different teams of people. As an adult, my interest in marketing led me to study economics in GCSE. I also studied business and management in my international baccalaureate diploma. These studies really solidified my interest in marketing, and have led me to your college. I am interested in Emerson College because of the vast opportunities you provide, including internships, which I hope to participate in during my college career. Short Answer B: I would title my life â€Å"A Series of Fortunate Events. I have been very lucky to experience all that I have in the way of marketing so far. My parents having their own business meant that I was involved in business and marketing from a very young age. My part time jobs and internships added even more to my experiences. My leadership and creative qualities also furthered my abilities by helping me to get a lot out of the experiences that I had. I am excited to attend Emerson College to learn and experience even more.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Official Statistics In Sociological Research Essay

Official statistics are quantitative data produced by local and national government bodies, and can cover a wide range of behaviour including births, deaths, marriages and divorce, income, crime, and work and leisure. Official statistics can be produced as a by-product of the normal workings of a government department, but they can also result from research designed specifically to produce them. Two main sources of official statistics are the government and its departments, and surveys. For example, government departments such as the Home Office and Education and Skills request; process and then publish information from organisations such as local tax offices, social services and hospitals. An example of a source of surveys that produce official statistics is The Office for National Statistics, which is a government agency and is responsible for compiling and analysing statistics. Every ten years this agency carries out the Census of the Population, which covers every household in the UK. By law each head of household must complete a questionnaire that includes family composition, housing occupation, transport and leisure. Official statistics are used by sociologists because of their many advantages. A main plus is that official statistics are often compiled from data which has been gathered from a large sample size. The majority of sociologists could probably not afford to carry out such vast research. The size of the sample also tends to increase the representivity of the statistics. They also tend to be well organised and planned when researched, so the standards of sociological research can be met. Official statistics are usually readily available and relatively inexpensive, so sociologists can spend more time and money analysing data than collecting it. Statistics can also sometimes be the only source available for a specific topic, such as unemployment figures. Another advantage is that statistics allow sociologists to make comparisons over time, as they are usually produced regularly, for example the Population Census, which is carried out every ten years. This is similar to longitudinal studies, however the sample size of official statistical data is usually much larger. Looking at the above advantages, it would be easy to draw a conclusion that official statistics are in fact very useful as a source of data, however there are also important disadvantages to official statistics. Official statistics are not always produced in a useful form, making them harder for a sociologist to analyse and draw any trends and patterns from. Another disadvantage is that statistics do not always measure what they intend to measure. For example the Home Office Crime Rates Statistics do not take into account the fact that not all crime is reported. This can decrease the representivity of the data. Another factor which must be considered when interpreting official statistics is that because official statistics are usually produced by the government, they may be politically biased, for example to show that their policies are having the predicted effect. A well-known example of this is that the method of collecting unemployment statistics has changed many times, which gives the appearance that the unemployment rate it falling. From these disadvantages it would appear that although statistics can be very enlightening and useful, there are several pitfalls, which cannot always be avoided. Positivists view official statistics as a potentially valuable source of quantitative data; however they do recognise that statistics have several faults. They generally agree that statistics can provide measures of behaviour that can be used to investigate possible ’cause and effect’ relationships. However Interpretivists, in particular ethnomethodologists and phenomethodologists, reject the use of official statistics for measuring or determining certain behaviour of which they refer to. Cicourel and Atkinson believe that statistics are the products of meanings, which are assumptions of those who construct them. However, although they think that official statistics are not social facts, but social constructs, this does not mean they are not of sociological interest. Phenomenologists believe that they can be studied in order to discover how they are produced. Cicourel said that this is the only use of official statistics, partly because all statistics involve classifyin g things, when such decisions are really subjective. When assessing this view, it seems it cannot be applied to all types of official statistics, especially those concerning data on age and gender. Although there may well be considerable room for interpretation when considering whether, for example, a sudden death is suicide, there is less room for interpretation when deciding whether someone is male or female. Conflict theories such as marxist and feminist theory, argue that official statistics are neither hard facts or subjective meanings. Instead they believe they consist of information which is systematically distorted by the powerful institutions in society. Although the statistics are not complete distortions, they are manipulated through the definitions and procedures used to collect the data, so that they tend to favour the interests of the rich and powerful. One example of this is the claim by Anne and Robin Oakley that official statistics are sexist. They have pointed out that in eighty-percent of cases a man is defined as the head of the household, and that women engaged in housework or unpaid domestic labour are defined as economically inactive, despite the contribution which housework makes to the economy. These theories suggest that official statistics aren’t particularly useful in presenting a valid picture of an area of society. Compared to other methods of collecting data, official statistics can seem both superior and inferior. As a secondary source of data official statistics come ready coded and presented, which can be hard to do with some data, particularly qualitative. However this categorised data may not be categorised in the exact way a sociologist might prefer it, so this is a definite disadvantage. Like questionnaires and social surveys, official statistics produce quantitative data, can generally cover a fairly large sample size, and are pre-coded. Again, like questionnaires and social surveys, the data can be manipulated to support or reject a hypothesis; for example by the way the data is collected and categorised. Official statistics are generally not an in-depth profile of the sample being researched, unlike methods such as participant observation and longitudinal studies. However because these studies are more in-depth, they also tend to have a smaller sample size than statistical data. To conclude, it seems that although there are many benefits to using official statistics as a source of data, they must be treated with caution, bearing in mind the social processes involved in their collection. Although some see statistics as social constructions rather than social facts, official statistics do often provide a unique opportunity for sociologists to obtain data the whole population. This would otherwise be far too expensive and time-consuming for a sociologist to collect themselves.