Play And Physical Health Essay

Play is characterized by behaviors that are intrinsically motivated and self initiated. It is a process oriented, non-literal and pleasurable activity. it also has other characteristics as being exploratory, among other things (Fromberg, 2002). Play is an encompassing activity that affects the physical (Frost et al. 2001), social (Murata & Maeda, 2002), emotional and cognitive development of the child. (Murata & Maeda, 2002) Children spend an ample of their time playing. Children interact with their peers and parents most time by playing with them. A lot of their interaction with their parents builds their intellectual prowess. They learn to build social bonds with their family. (Rivkin 1995) . Moreover, interacting with their peers help them to become individuals that are completely incorporated into the society. Interaction with their colleagues sometimes brings about traumatic experiences like inflicting bodily wounds. The effect of what they do might linger with them for the rest of their lives. However sweet the playing experience could be, it can also be nasty. Aside from sharpening the physical and mental agility of a child, playing can also bring upon them serious medical emergencies as a result of accidents. Although play is an important part of sociological interaction, it is one of the major ways by which children learn role playing. Playing is also a way by which children keep themselves healthy. (Murata & Maeda, 2002) Play is good for the children but in order for it to bring out the desired results, it must be in the right environment (Rivkin 1995). The environment must be attractive enough to facilitate the play so as to encourage the action. In selecting play objects for children, it is important to consider their abilities and temperament so as not to inadvertently hand them tools that they can use in inflicting bodily harm to themselves and their peers. Also, they must play under the supervision of an older adult to monitor their activities. Play is pleasurable, it is good for the development of the child but it must not be allowed to get out of hand.

Allan Pinkerton-The Detective

Allan Pinkerton was a known US detective that was born in Glasgow, Scotland in 1819. He is very popular in his time because he is the founder of the well known and first detective agency in the United States, the Pinkerton Agency. At the early age, his father who is a police sergeant died in a battle left the Pinkerton family in great poverty. As Allan grows up, he found a work as a copper or barrel-maker and then joining in Chartism, a group of people who believes in political and social reforms.The Pinkerton was always associated with security and protection. He had spent his life in many security concerns like private investigations, and personal security. Pinkerton career as a detective started when he emigrate from Scotland to America. The reason why he wanted to go to America is because he wants to escapes imprisonment. And in 1842, he established a copper making shop in Chicago, Illinois. Pinkerton was known to be a savior of slave or he support the anti slavery movements.He u sually uses his shop as an escape route of slave in the said state. In 1849, Pinkerton became the first ever detective in Chicago and in 1950, together with Edward Rucker they build the North-Western police Agency. The said agency was renamed as Pinkerton National Detective Agency. As mentioned in the earlier part of the essay, Pinkerton was very popular in terms of security and surveillance matters. In fact, the methods that he uses in his career as a detective is still being used today in many investigations.Some of the techniques of Pinkerton in many investigation processes are the â€Å"shadowing† and â€Å"undercover†. The former also known as surveillance of a suspect which means that the suspect is being monitored in his or her every moves every time while the latter is also known as assuming a role which means that a person is assuming or doing a role in such a way that the suspect will act normal when an investigation is being done. Undercover operations nowad ays are very popular in drug cases incidents.Example of this is when a policeman is under covering his true identity as a policeman and portraying as a buyer of a certain prohibited drug and when the suspect had transaction with the undercover policeman, then this is a very useful evidence for the investigation. The leadership of Pinkerton as a US detective had produced many successful investigations and lessening the crime rate in his time. He was able to stop many assassination attempts especially on the known government officials. He was able to determine a planed and smooth assassination on Abraham Lincoln and was able to hamper the said attempt.As many writers accounted him as a man of great power of observation and courage (Library, 2007). There were several writings that center the life, career and courage of Pinkerton as a US detective. In 1990, a movie entitled The Rose and The Jackal that was based on the life of Pinkerton was made. The movie was done in the Civil War time and its all about love, drama and spies. From the movie, an assassination attempt was done to the president of the country who is travelling using a train. In the middle of the commute, the train will pass to a wooden bridge.The plan of the assassination is to plant a bomb at the bottom of the wooden bridge and eventually an accident will cause the death of the president (Kelly, 2008). Pinkerton was able to intercept the assassination attempt of the Confederate by stopping the derailing of the train where the president is and killing the two suspects and warned the president, who is Lincoln that there is a plan to kill him. He was able to stop the attempt. This links to the true story on the attempt to assassinate Lincoln which was able to intercept by Pinkerton (Karesony, 2006).After this event, Pinkerton was appointed as by Lincoln as the head of the US Secret Service. The said agency is responsible of intercepting many espionage acts during the Civil War. This prevents the War B etween the States of America (Kelly, 2008). The main story of the movie is about Pinkerton who was assigned to be a spy against the Confederate. As a secret agent of the country, Pinkerton was able to establish a persona in which the said secret agent had successfully portrayed a simple man in a society so that the Confederate will not suspect him as a spy.This method can also be seen on the England-secret agent James Bond who does many espionage act to infiltrate or gather some important information from their enemy. Pinkerton uses this method in order for him to know the plans of the Confederate and that he can able to maneuver any possible action that will lead to the fall of his superior who is the president (Karesony, 2006). In the movie, Pinkerton met a beautiful lady who is also a spy but in the Confederate side and Pinkerton eventually fall in love to her.The story turns on the two main characters, Pinkerton and Rose. Pinkerton faces to challenge, to play the role as a secre t agent for Lincoln and his love affair to Rose. Rose eventually attacks the weakness of Pinkerton to be a tool in executing her plan to infiltrate the government of Lincoln (Karesony, 2006). Though this is one of the most popular investigations that were done by Pinkerton in his life, there are also some small profile cases that he was able to solve. Many money and properties from robbery acts were recovered and thieves were successfully traced.Some of the successful robbery cases the robbery of the Carbondale, Pennsylvania Bank of $40,000, and that of The Adams Express Company of $700,000, on 6 January, 1866, from a train on The New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad, and the taking of $300,000 from an express-car on the Hudson River railroad. He also broke up gangs of thieves at Seymour, Indiana, and the â€Å"Mollie Maguires† in Pennsylvania. Due to his eagerness and courage, Pinkerton was able to shape the security and investigation process in his time even though hi gh technology gadgets were not available in his time.Even today, the techniques of Pinkerton are being used to solve many cases and help in the success of investigations like police investigations. The Central Intelligence Agency and the Federal Bureau of Investigation of United States owe many investigation processes that were originated by Pinkerton. He was able to create a tool that can be utilized in solving unsolved crimes and eventually preventing the further occurrence of transgression and organized crimes. References:Karesony. (2006). The Rose and the Jackal [Electronic Version]. Retrieved February 11, 2008, from http://www. imdb. com/title/tt0098831/ Kelly, M. (2008). A Brief History of the Pinkertons [Electronic Version]. Retrieved February 11, 2008, from http://americanhistory. about. com/od/19thcentur1/a/allan_pinkerton. htm Library, C. (2007). Roots of a Detective [Electronic Version]. Retrieved February 11, 2008, from http://www. crimelibrary. com/gangsters2/pinkerton/

Any topic you think is good for my paper Assignment - 4

Any topic you think is good for my paper - Assignment Example In this school, students as young as 14 years old are allowed to smoke between lessons (Dawar , par 1). According to the school administrators, their strategy â€Å"is meant to help pupils stop smoking and reduce confrontations with teachers† (Dawar , par 3). Furthermore, their aim is to expose the problem and inform the children’s parents and eventually move them to the smoking cessation programme. The policy of this school has been questioned by both the teachers’ unions and several anti-smoking groups. One does not agree with the school’s practice of allowing their young students to smoke within the school premises. Aside from the detrimental health effects on the students, both smokers and non-smokers, it might also encourage other students to smoke since it is allowed anyway. Non-smoking children will be exposed to second-hand smoke which is harmful to their health (Smoking.ygoy.com , par 2). Moreover, since children tend to imitate adults, the younger population of the school might imitate the older school children who smoke. There are so many options available for schools in trying to prevent smoking among the young and the method that the Tinshill Learning Centre implemented is simply not acceptable. It encourages smoking more than discouraging

Project study Case Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Project - Case Study Example Plagiarism is an illegal, punishable act that constitutes fines between $100 and $50000, one year imprisonment, or both (â€Å"Plagiarism FAQs†). If a writer copies even one sentence from another piece of work, it falls under the category of plagiarism. On the other hand, originality refers to one’s own words, ideas, thoughts, and expressions. In order to avoid plagiarism, the writer must be vigilant to change the 5 W’s and H (who, what, where, when, why, and how), but most significantly the writer must use his own words. In total, Plagiarism is illegal and immoral while originality is legal and moral. 2. Process of research question development Choosing an appropriate topic/issue is the first phase in developing a research question as it gives a ‘specific focus’ for the writing (â€Å"The relationship between†). The major topic may be subdivided into smaller pieces but the writer must stick to one major issue per research paper so as to have a coherent piece of work. While breaking down the major topic into its components, a series of questions may be listed. Once the listing of questions is completed, the researcher must review the listed questions in order to select the most appropriate one that is â€Å"neither too broad nor too narrow† (Bryman & Bell, 87). ... Difference between description and analysis As Egger and Carpi point out, the term description can be defined as a detailed presentation of certain aspects, features, or characteristics of a subject matter, something experienced, seen, heard, or known; in contrast, analysis refers to the interpretation of the described information and it includes lots of lists, data, and graphs (â€Å"research methods†). The difference between description and analysis is similar as that of data vs. information. For instance, an organization may compile ranges of data (description), but this description is of no use unless it is interpreted in a meaningful context (analysis). The reader gets lots of facts and data while going through the description part, but he would not understand why it is important and how it should be applied unless an effective analysis of the data is given. Therefore, description is only the factual representation whereas analysis makes this representation meaningful. 4. Data selection criteria Data selection is an important and complex process that determines â€Å"the appropriate data type and source as well as suitable methods† to gather data (â€Å"The Ohio State University†). The process of data selection is entirely different from selective data supporting and interactive data selection. The method of data selection would be often discipline-specific and is determined by the nature of research, existing academic literature, and accessibility to relevant data sources. While choosing data, first priority must be given on ability of data for effectively answering the research questions rather than cost and convenience of data accessibility. Similarly, researcher must be aware of fixing proper procedures in order for getting a representative sample while

Symbolism in the Short Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Symbolism in the Short Story - Essay Example For instance, a substantial part of the story is spent on describing the â€Å"stepping stones† in the river and the girl’s passage of it. Stepping stones and rivers have traditionally been symbolic of the journey of life. Rivers are also important as boundaries and crossing them often signifies passage from one world to another. The crossing of river Jordan into the Promised Land, for instance, is a crucial element of the Bible (Ferber, 2007, p. 170). The stepping stones, that are at first harder to cross and easy afterwards are also symbolic of the passage of life. This is the first hint that the speaker may be coming from a different land, or even a different plane of existence. The emphasis on the â€Å"glassy† sky is yet another symbolic clue. Glassy has connotations of an unnatural or artificial material, as it is man-made. It can also signify a certain deadness of the subject, an absence of expression as in the phrase â€Å"glassy eyes†. The absence of life, and the distance she feels from manmade objects further intensify the suggestion that the speaker is already dead. The narrator also mentions several objects of the landscape that she finds missing, suggesting a rather long absence. There was now a road that had replaced the pave and the pine tree she knew was gone.

International trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

International trade - Essay Example History of Globalization: An Overview Economic historians have better approaches regarding the concept of globalization. According to O’ Rourke and Williamson (1996: 499- 530), the world economic condition was well organized and exceptionally well integrated even by the standards of late 20th century. Next to it, world historians further elaborate that the phenomenon of globalization stretches back to quite a few centuries. According to a famous socialist and economic historian, Andre Gunder Frank (1998), â€Å"there was a single global world economy with a worldwide division of labor and multilateral trade from 1500 onward.† On the other hand, Jerry Bentley (1999: 5-9) argued that ‘single global economy’ even existed before 1500. ... concepts also match with the concept of Adam Smith who considered these two events as the most significant parts of recorded history that had strongly influenced the economy and society of the world (Tracy, 1990: 1- 13). However, the historian of modern period has diverse approach in this regard. For example, according to Menard (1991: 228- 75), the globalization boom appeared with transport revolution and before 1800; the overall world economy was badly integrated while Immanuwl Wallerstein considers that the European economy in sixteenth century brought forward the phenomenon of economic globalization that stood upon the mode of capitalist production (Wallerstein, 1974). He further believes that various countries like Russia, India, West Africa and the Ottoman Empire became the part of ‘one global economy’ somewhere between 1750 and 1850. This was the time period when trade among these countries carried out in bulk. However, whatever the time period of globalization in actual; there are abundant of evidences that support that 19th century held a very huge globalization bang where international trade expanded all over the world. From above mentioned detail, it can be easily observed that the basic aim behind all the process of globalization was just to develop business operations worldwide. This was also to facilitate the global communication which is a result of advancements in technology and technical knowledge. The objective behind the whole process is just to provide a superior competitive situation to an organization with lesser possible operating costs in order to produce greater number of goods and services as well as consumers. In order to gain this approach, resources are diversified, new investment prospects are developed by opening new markets and

A National Minimum Vacation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A National Minimum Vacation - Essay Example ils to acknowledge the relevance of the argument and in defense establishes a causative chain where he reasons that vacations are instrumental in facilitating development if recreation industry. People on vacation would require the services of hotels, travel, recreation as well as restaurants, which means that this would be creation of jobs. According to Reich therefore, increasing the vacation time would increase demand to such services as are provided by the players within the hotel and recreation industry hence increasing their productivity. This shows that prolonged vacation contributes towards increased productivity in the country because of improved performance by other industries. This paper establishes therefore that overall productivity of the American people’s productivity would be boosted by the increment of vacation time through boosting the productivity of individual worker while at the same time creating higher opportunities within subsidiary industries such as t he hotel industry. Reich is therefore effectively supports his causal chain argument and I agree with him. Such policy legislation has the capacity of creating an incentive to individual employees who would reciprocate through increased productivity. Moreover, the need established through services required by employees on vacation increases productivity of such subsidiary industries hence increased overall productivity in the country. Reich adopts an assertive tone in the entire excerpt as revealed through the choice of words adopted as well as through his chronological argument. First, he feels and expresses his argument as a part of the entire system and therefore feels that he belongs and would desire such a change as he postulates. The argument presents the opinions respectfully, appropriately as well as clearly as shown through the calm and clarity of voice adopted. The choice of the words ‘holds on’ for instance shows that he is confident and in control of his position in the

Electronic and Mobile commerce Slp Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Electronic and Mobile commerce Slp - Assignment Example This paper describes the main types of electronic and mobile commerce applications available in the current market that change everyday consumer-experience. There are a number of dynamics that steering m-commerce. These dynamics include the extensive accessibility and popularity of wireless devices such as smart phones, the decreasing cost of wireless technology, the accessibility of instant connectivity from any location, and bandwidth enhancements that increase the speed of data broadcast. M-commerce has experienced developing admiration in financial services, telecommunications services, retail, and information services. Consumers in the current market, bank online, purchase goods and services, adjust their smart phone schedules, pay bills, obtain direction, navigate through GPS and look up traffic from wireless devices (Canada.ca, 2010). Mobile commerce (m-commerce) education and training is rather harder to find than other fields of commerce, since this field is new and regularly changing. Therefore, continuing education in many fields has been moving online at a faster rate as compared to normal classes’ studies. Companies are still exploring how to monetize their business in this field. The Mobile Commerce segment assists students to easily access learning materials about different fields. M-commerce creates network, systems and consumer behaviors that integrate to make up the m-commerce ecosystem. This means the field is extensive, accessible to consumers with ideas that takes off. Since there are a reasonably extensive percentage of consumers who own smart phones and other electronic devices, most industries are likely to be prosperous in mobile commerce (Canada.ca, 2010). Mobile commerce continues to grow, but will not be fully established until it becomes actual mobile information accessible everywhere, anytime and to consumers globally. Applying mobile commerce to computing fields generates both tremendous marketable

Origins of Dogs Essay Example for Free

Origins of Dogs Essay Humans and dogs have constantly shared exceptionally strong social affections, a dependency relationship that is not normally observed in other human-animal relationships. Humans and dogs equally preferred to put their fears from each other aside in order to live reciprocally. Dogs are significant part of human history, seeing that throughout times dogs are without a doubt wonderful companions and great friends. People play with dogs, keep them as a pet and even consider them their best friend. Today, dogs come in different shapes and sizes, with distinct attributes that separate them from every other animal. But are humans really familiar with anything regarding the history of dogs or where and when did their well-known friendship started? There are several theories on the subject; and it is rather difficult to affirm who are the forerunners of the modern day dog perceptions. Beginnings of Domestication Evidences have revealed that man and dogs have survived together since prehistoric period. It is generally acknowledged that the domestication of dogs started more than 15,000 years ago. It is believed that when primitive man evolved from gathering to hunting for food, dog and man began the symbiotic relationship of assisting each other. Moreover, between 8,000 and 9,000 years ago, dogs became the guardians for the several recently domesticated animals of men. The breeding and crossbreeding started when men started to confer greater importance to certain characteristics and features in dogs. As a consequence, throughout the time of Egypt’s development in 1570 B. C. a range of diverse types of dogs became apparent. From that time, it was not long before dogs were being bred all over the world. In the history of dogs the Greeks, the Europeans, the Romans, and even the natives of the Far East were training dogs for a variety of activities including, hunting, sporting, fighting, and prize possessions. Origins of Dogs Archaeology has sited the earliest acknowledged domestication at probably 30,000 BC in Belgium and with certainty at 7,000 BC. Other information suggests that dogs were originally domesticated in East Asia, particularly within China some 15,000 years ago. In several archeological digs, however, canine relics have been discovered which could astonishingly be the forerunners of the modern day dog, although there are still a number of significant disparities between them. Accordingly, many analyze theorizes that modern day dogs are a result of parallel evolution, in which some species come from a considerably smaller canid and related to the dingo scientifically known as Canis familiaris nostrazewi, and other from a very large animal similar to some primitive Molosos and more related to the wolf scientifically known as the Canis familiaris puitiantini (See FIDOS Dog Health Training Encyclopedia). While some scientists thought that nearly all canine breeds originated from the crossbreeds of the small primeval dogs with diverse canid breeds, such as coyotes or golden jackal, animal DNA research studies confirm that dog gradually evolved from wolves after humans started selectively breeding wolves some 15,000 years ago, and nearly all scientists agree on the aforesaid findings. The DNA string coming from three interrelated groups revealed a common source from a particular gene pool, and because the majority of genetic variation was discovered in dogs that originated from East Asia, scientist concluded that this part of the world is the most possible origin of the species. It appears that World gray wolves, otherwise known as the New World dogs traveled with humans who arrived at North America across the Bering Strait several thousand of years ago. Scientist made use of DNA fingerprinting methods in a study to confirm that New World dogs were not descendants from wolves in the Americas. They discovered that these dogs were indeed descendants from Europe and Asia’s wolves. Moreover, based on evaluations of dogs from places as remote as Alaska and Peru, researchers theorized that primitive and modern day dogs around the world hailed from Old World gray wolves. Unfortunately, these dogs are no longer present in modern day dogs as European colonists systematically eradicated their population. It is already settled in several researches that dogs evolved from wolves; however, latest records confirm that the origin of dogs goes back to hunter-gather societies; therefore, dating earlier than what is commonly believed. Due to archaeological records, a number of scientists believe that domestic dogs dates back to15,000 years; however, the latest molecular genetic techniques performed by UCLA scientists and colleagues revealed that the origin of dog is much older. As a result of the extrapolation involved in the computations and the extent of genetic diversity they found in dogs, they believe that the earliest dog dates back 60,000 years or possibly over 100,000 years. Conclusion When observing the habits and behavior of a dog, the likenesses it has with the wolf are more than evident. In addition to the fact that the wolf and dog are somewhat similar not just the physical viewpoint, but as well as the character aspect, scientists have also found exceptional information to prove that the dog and wolf are indeed related. Using latest genetic researches, together with several controversial and fascinating works revealed that the wolf is the only ancestor of the dog, and its origins are primitive. This is why many believe that domesticated wolves were the earliest to live together with man and the dog and every other breeds existing at present are considered as the entire creation of man. Reference See FIDOS Dog Health Training Encyclopedia. (n. d. ). Where did Dogs come from. Retrieved March 20, 2009, from http://www. seefido. com/html/the_dog_s_origins. htm

The Anticipation Of Love English Literature Essay

The Anticipation Of Love English Literature Essay This touchy poem earned a lot of fame to the great Argentine poet, essayist, and short-story writer, whose tales of fantasy and dream worlds are classics of the 20th-century world literature. He was profoundly influenced by European culture, English literature, and thinkers such as Berkeley, who argued that there is no material substance; the sensible world consists only of ideas, which exist for so long as they are perceived. Most of his tales embrace universal themes the often recurring circular labyrinth can be seen as a metaphor of life or a riddle which theme is time. Although Borgess name was mentioned in speculations about Nobel Prize, he never became one. Jorge Luis Borges was born on August 24, 1899, in Buenos Aires. A few years later, his family moved to the northern suburb of Palermo, which he was to celebrate in prose and verse. He received his earliest education at home, where he learned English and read widely in his fathers library of English books. When Borges was nine years of age, he began his public schooling in Palermo, and in the same year, published his first literary undertaking, which was a translation into Spanish of Oscar Wildes The Happy Prince. In 1914 the Borges family traveled to Europe. When World War I broke out, they settled for the duration in Switzerland, where young Borges finished his formal education at the College in Geneva. By 1919, when the family moved on to Spain, Borges had learned several languages and had begun to write and translate poetry (Liukkonen and Pesonen, Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986)). In Seville and Madrid, he frequented literary gatherings absorbing the lessons of new poetical theorists of the time-especially those of Rafael Cansinos Assà ©ns, who headed a group of writers who came to be known as ultraists. When the family returned to Argentina in 1921, Borges rediscovered his native Buenos Aires and began to write poems dealing with his intimate feelings for the city, its past, and certain fading features of its quiet suburbs. His early poetry was reflective in tone; metaphors dominated, usual linking words were suppressed, and the humble, tranquil aspects of the city that he evoked seemed somehow contaminated by eternity. With other young Argentine writers, Borges collaborated in the founding of new publications, in which the ultraist mode was cultivated in the New World. In 1923, his first volume of poetry, Fervor of Buenos Aires, was published, and it also made somewhat of a name for him in Spain. In 1925, his second book of poetry, Moon across the Way, appeared, which was followed in 1929 by San Martin Notebook -the last new collection of his verse to appear for three decades. Borges gradually developed a keen interest in literary criticism. His critical and philosophical essays began to fill most of the volumes he published during the period 1925-1940: Inquisitions (1925), The Dimensions of My Hope (1926), The Language of the Argentines (1928), Evaristo Carriego (1930), Discussion (1932), and History of Eternity (1938). Change in Style In 1938, with his father gravely ill from a heart ailment, Borges obtained an appointment in a municipal library in Buenos Aires. Before years end, his father died. Borges, himself, came close to death from septicemia, the complication of an infected head injury. This period of crisis produced an important change in Borges. He began to write prose fiction tales of a curious and highly original character. These pieces seemed to be philosophical essays invested with narrative qualities and tensions. Others were short stories infused with metaphorical concepts. Ten of these concise, well-executed stories were collected in Ficciones (1944). A second volume of similar tales, entitled The Aleph, was published in 1949. Borgess fame as a writer firmly rests on the narratives contained in these two books, to which other stories were added in later editions. After The Aleph, he published an important collection of essays, Other Inquisitions (1952); several collections of poetry and prose sketches, Dreamtigers (1960), In Praise of Darkness (1969), The Deep Rose (1975), and The Iron Coin (1976); and two collections of new short stories, Dr. Brodies Report (1970) and The Book of Sand (1975). Aside from these works, Borges wrote over a dozen books in collaboration with other persons. Foremost among his collaborators was Adolfo Bioy Casares, an Argentine novelist and short-story writer, who was Borgess closest literary associate for nearly 40 years. In 1961 Borges shared with Samuel Beckett the $10,000 International Publishers Prize, and world recognition at last began to come his way. He received countless honors and prizes. In 1970, he was the first recipient of the $25,000 Matarazzo Sobrinho Inter-American Literary Prize. Borges, who had long suffered from eye problems, was totally blind in his last decades. He had a congenital defect that had afflicted several generations on his fathers side of the family. However, he continued to publish several books, among them EL LIBRO DE LOS SERES IMAGINARIOS (1967), EL INFORME DE BRODIE (1970), and EL LIBRO DE ARENA (1975). To him, books meant everything. Philosophy and Theology Borgess fictional universe was born from his vast and esoteric readings in literature, philosophy, and theology. He saw mans search for meaning in an infinite universe as a fruitless effort. In the universe of energy, mass, and speed of light, Borges considered the central riddle time, and not space. He believed in an infinite series of times, in a growing, dizzying net of divergent, convergent and parallel times. This network of times which approached one another, forked, broke off, or was unaware of one another for centuries, embraces all possibilities of time (Hoffmann, pp 316). The theological speculations of Gnosticism and the Cabala gave ideas for many of his plots. Borges revealed in an interview that when he was a boy, he found an engraving of the Seven Wonders of the World, one of which portrayed a circular labyrinth. It frightened him and the maze has been one of his recurrent nightmares. Almost instantly, I understood: The garden of forking paths was the chaotic novel; the phrase the various futures (not to all) suggested to me the forking in time, not in space (Yates, The Garden of Forking Paths). Borges, who was a deep philosopher of poetry, presented each of his writings as an ontological enigma. Similarly, a borgesian story or poem would often assume the patterns of a treatise. The writings of Borges are full of emotions or are simply entertaining, also often characterized by fantastic ontologies, synchronic genealogies, utopian grammars, fictional geographies. In addition, he conceived philosophy has perplexity and poetry as the deepest form of rationality. The beauty of his poetry and the depth of his knowledge do great justice to the Spanish language and universal mind (University of Pittsburgh, . Conclusion Borges married Elsa Astete Millan in 1967, but was divorced in 1970. He married Maria Kodama in 1986, shortly before his death on June 14, in Geneva, Switzerland. In 1985, he moved permanently to Geneva, Switzerland. There he died of liver cancer on June 14, 1986, and was buried at the old Plainpalais Cemetery. The intellectual style of Borges presents each of his writings as an ontological riddle. His works offer exposure to interdisciplinary research and provide a treat to both the academic scholar and the ordinary reader.

Thalamic Glutamate as a Marker of Global Brain Pathology -MS

Thalamic Glutamate as a Marker of Global Brain Pathology -MS Author contributions: LP design conceptualisation of the study, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting the manuscript for intellectual content. JR design conceptualisation of the study, data collection, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting the manuscript for intellectual content. IRB analysis and interpretation of data, revising the manuscript for intellectual content. GS analysis and interpretation of data KZ data collection RN design conceptualisation of the study, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting the manuscript for intellectual content.[LP1] Disclosures: LP no disclosures. JR no disclosures. IRV no disclosures. GS no disclosures. KZ no disclosures. RN Bayer, Biogen, Genzyme, Merck Serono, Roche honorarium for speaking, advisory boards. Biogen, Genzyme, Novartis funds for organising education, staff. Biogen, Novartis Principal investigator.[LP2] [LP3] Multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterised by demyelination and variable degrees of axonal loss and gliosis. People with MS (pwMS) present with sensory disturbances, spasticity, fatigue, ataxia, pain and urinary dysfunction1. The most common form of MS is relapsing-remitting and 85% of pwMS initially present with it, with most eventually progress to a secondary, progressive phase2. Without adequate treatment, 25% of pwMS become wheelchair-bound3. Charcot was the first to describe the inflammatory demyelinating plaque as a hallmark of MS in the late 19th century4. While white matter lesions (WML) contribute to disability5,6, they are likely not its only drive. Recent evidence supports the concept that grey matter lesions (GML) and atrophy are likely contributors to disability7,8. Furthermore, recent studies have looked at diffuse axonal loss and support the notion that this process drives long-term disability, due to a combination of focal inflammation and cortical damage driven by meningeal inflammation9-13. Large clinical trials in MS infrequently correlate the effect of therapies with brain lesion volumes and atrophy. This is due to the fact that as of today, no automated software exists which is able to consistently calculate WMLs14 and GMLs are grossly underestimated as they are not readily visible on MRI15,16. Lastly, brain atrophy is hard to quantify, can only be measured longitudinally and is subject to non-tissue related (pseudo-atrophy) volume loss subsequent to disease modifying treatment17,18. There is an unmet need for a simple biomarker that can act as a surrogate for neuronal damage in MS for use in observational and interventional studies. Natalizumab Natalizumab (Tysabri) is a disease-modifying treatment given intravenously as a monthly infusion19. In the UK it is licensed as a second-line treatment for severe, rapidly evolving, relapsing-remitting MS. It is directed against the ÃŽÂ ±4 subunit of integrin on lymphocytes and acts as an immune-modulator by inhibiting their migration to the brain20,21. Compared to placebo, it has been shown to reduce relapse rate by 68%. Furthermore, it reduced the risk of disability progression by 42%, defined as a change in EDSS score sustained for 24 weeks21. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive MRI sequence that allows identification and quantification of in vivo metabolites present in a small, preselected brain region. Proton nuclei (1H) are most commonly used in studies of the human brain due to their abundance and high sensitivity. MRS sequences distinguish between different metabolites by measuring the frequency at which 1H nuclei flip, which is in turn dependent on the molecular group carrying the hydrogen atom22. Measuring these metabolic changes allows researchers to gain an insight into changes at a cellular and molecular level in the brain, which cannot be acquired using conventional MRI techniques23. The thalamus is a subcortical hub, with multiple reciprocal connections to both white matter tracts and cortical grey matter24. Previous studies evidenced the fact that it is sensitive to pathology occurring in other brain regions25. We speculated that by using the thalamus as our region of interest (ROI), investigated metabolites would give a measure of global neuronal damage. Aims We investigated thalamic MRS as a biomarker for global brain neuronal damage in MS by comparing baseline metabolite concentrations between pwMS and HCs. Metabolites that were found to be statistically significantly different between these two groups at baseline were investigated further. To additionally support using MRS imaging as a surrogate for global central nervous system pathology, we investigated the correlation between these metabolite concentrations in pwMS and total lesion volume. In order to investigate whether thalamic MRS can be used to monitor treatment response, we measured changes in their concentration following treatment with the disease-modifying drug natalizumab. Population Participants aged 21-65 underwent inclusion criteria screening. For the pwMS group, this included satisfying the McDonald criteria 2010, having highly active MS and having been scheduled to initiate natalizumab treatment as part of routine NHS Case. Following ethics approval and written informed consent from participants, 17 pwMS and 12 HCs were recruited to the study. HCs underwent an MRI baseline scan while pwMS underwent a scan at baseline, and follow-up scans at 10 and 56 weeks after initiation of natalizumab treatment. Acquisition of MRS data All experiments were carried out in the same Siemens 3T Magnetom Verio with a 32-channel receiver head coil[LP4], used to acquire combined MRI and 1H-MRS scans. A magnetisation-prepared rapid gradient-echo sequence (MPRAGE) was used to obtain high-definition T1 weighted scans with the following parameters: (repetition time (TR)= 2300s;echo time (TE)= 3ms; inversion time (TI)= 900; 160 sagittal sections; slice thickness 1.0mm; in-plane resolution of 1x1mm2 . A single voxel was placed over the left thalamus. In order to acquire the single-voxel scans, a Point-RESolved Spectroscopy sequence (PRESS) was used which had variable power and optimized relaxation delays (VAPOR) water suppression (TR/TE, 2000/30ms) on a single 15-mm slab. This was aligned to the T1 sequence sections (Figure 2). Four reference transients were used to align the data. The average of 96 transients was used for water suppressed spectra. The volume of interest was 15x15x15mm, voxel size was 3.4mL. These parameters we re also used to acquire reference MRS datasets without water suppression. This was done to obtain an internal water reference, which was used to scale metabolite signals. Double inversion recovery pulse and phase sensitive inversion recovery sequences were also acquired. Lesion volumes White and grey matter lesions were identified on 160-slice T1 scans with co-registered double inversion recovery sequences. Lesions were manually segmented in T1 space using the Imperial College software ImSeg. The images obtained by this process [LP5]were used to derive proportions of grey matter, white matter and total lesion volumes. T1, double inversion recovery pulse and phase sensitive inversion recovery sequences were used to check for presence of lesions in the thalamus. Data processing T1 and spectroscopy data were initially obtained from scans in dicom format (dcm). A modified MATLAB (v.2015b) script was used to convert the T1 scans into nifti format (nii), the single voxel spectroscopy scans into rda format (rda) and to generate mask files in rda format. LCModel (v.6.3-1K) was run by using a second modified MATLAB script, in order to obtain spectroscopy data from 0.2-4.0 ppm. The software is a user-independent fitting routine that works by superimposing spectra obtained in vivo with high-resolution model spectra. It is an accurate and reliable method to quantify MRS data with short echo times (ETà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤30ms)28,29. Partial volume corrections to explain different concentrations of water in the grey matter (GM), white matter (WM) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were conducted by converting T1 sequences from dicom to nifti format, and segmenting the obtained images using MATLABs SPM8 toolbox. This allowed scaling metabolite concentrations obtained from PRESS sequence with water-suppression, to the waters internal reference signal from the unsuppressed water PRESS-sequence. The segmentation was used to calculate voxel proportions of GM, WM and CSF, which are in turn needed to obtain the water concentration (WCONC) value from the unsuppressed water reference signal used to estimate absolute concentrations of metabolites. Total WCONC values for each voxel were computed in accordance with Section 10.2.2.3 of the LCModel manual29.Eddy-current correction was performed by using LCModel. Relaxation effects were not corrected for, and therefore reported metabolite concentrations will differ from actual ones by an unknown factor. The latter is likely to be negligible, as all reported concentrations will deviate from actual concentrations by this same, unknown factor. As per LCModels manual, metabolite concentrations were multiplied by a factor of 1.04, which amounts to the specific gravity of brain tissue29, and were reported in mmol/L (mM). Data exclusion A heat map (Figure 4, right side) was created in order to check for voxel placement by using FSL view v.3.2.0. T1 sequences and mask files were reoriented to match the Montreal Neurological Institute standard template, followed by brain extraction from the surrounding tissue. T1 sequences and mask files were registered to standard space using the Montreal Neurological Institute template, which consists of 152 averaged brain T1 scans of 2mm resolution. The heat map is a depiction of each voxel mask overlaid onto the che2better template for T1 sequences taken from the mricron software.[LP6] No MRS spectra were removed from the analysis owing to minimal inter-scan variability. Spectra generated by LCModel were checked for overall data quality in accordance with the softwares instruction manual29. 2 baseline HC and 2 pwMS spectra were excluded from data analysis (Table 1). For a metabolite to be investigated, it had to be relevant to MS pathology as evidenced by previous studies, as well as to demonstrate sufficient data quality, measured by having Cramà ©r -Rao lower bounds ratio of 75% of individual scans. Five metabolites were investigated: choline-containing compounds (Cho), glutamate (Glu), myo-inositol (Ins), total creatine (tCr) and total n-acetylaspartate (tNAA) (Table 1). In a given subjects scan, metabolite concentrations with a Cramà ©r-Rao lower bounds (CRLB) value of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥15% were excluded from data analysis, as per LCModels manual of instructions. Concentrations exceeding 2 standard deviations (2SD) out with the group mean were also excluded. QCa for entire spectra QC for individual metabolites Participant group Before spectra QC (n) After spectra QC (n) Metabolites (marker of)6 Participant group Before metabolite QC(n) After 1st QCf (n) After 2nd QCg (n) HCsb 12 10 Cho1 (membrane turnover) HCs 10 9 9 pwMS BLc 17 15 pwMS BL 15 12 12 pwMS 10wd 16 16 pwMS 10w 16 16 16 pwMS 56we 16 16 pwMS 56w 16 15 15 Glu2 (metabolism and neurotransmitter activity) HCs 10 6 6 pwMS BL 15 9 8 pwMS 10w 16 14 14 pwMS 56w 16 15 14 Ins3 (glial marker) HCs 10 7 7 pwMS BL 15 14 14 pwMS 10w 16 15 14 pwMS 56w 16 15 15 tCr4 (metabolic activity) HCs 10 10 10 pwMS BL 15 15 14 pwMS 10w 16 16 15 pwMS 56w 16 16 16 tNAA5 (neuronal loss, mitochondrial activity) HCs 10 10 9 pwMS BL 15 15 14 pwMS 10w 16 16 16 pwMS 56w 16 16 15 Statistical analysis Prism GraphPad (v.7) and IBM SPSS Statistics 24 software were used to conduct statistical analysis. Participant demographics results are reported as mean and standard deviation (SD). Metabolite concentrations are reported as mean, standard error of measurement (SEM) and 95% confidence intervals. Parametric tests were used after testing for normal distribution of the data. Unpaired t-tests were used to compare metabolites between pwMS and HCs cross-sectionally. Pearsons coefficient was used to correlate between metabolite concentrations and bilateral lesion volumes. A linear mixed model was used to quantify longitudinal changes in metabolite concentrations in pwMS. MRS data were obtained from 17 pwMS (mean age (SD) was 41.6 (10.6), range 21-58 years) and 12 HCs (mean age (SD) was 41.9 (8.3), range 29-61 years). Mean time since diagnosis in years was 12.1 (10.6) and mean Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) was 4.1 (1.1). People with MS, n 17 Age, mean (SD) 41.6 (10.6) Sex, n (%) M 6 (35) F 11 (65) Years since diagnosis, mean (SD) 12.1 (10.6) EDSS score, mean (SD) 4.1 (1.1) Healthy controls, n 12 Age, mean (SD) 41.9 (8.3) Sex, n (%) M 9 (75) F 3 (25) Lower concentrations of glutamate are found at baseline in the thalami of people with highly active MS A statistically significant difference in the concentration of glutamate was found between the two groups (7.67 ±0.3456 in HCs and 6.55 ±0.232 in pwMS, p=0.016). No significant difference was found between the two groups using other metabolites. Metabolite Healthy controls (n=10) People with MS (n=15) 95% CI Cho 1. 69 ±0.0826,n=9 1.75 ±0.25, n=12 -0.232 0.216 Glu* 7.67 ±0.346, n=6 6.55 ±0.232, n=8 * -2.00 0.253 Ins 3.98 ±0.250, n=7 4.45 ±0.281, n=14 -0.452 1.380 tCr 34 ±0.134, n=10 5.42 ±0.150, n=14 -0.350 0.510 tNAA 8.60 ±0.134, n=9 8.46 ±0.178, n=14 -0.656 0.375 Baseline thalamic glutamate concentrations in pwMS correlate negatively with total lesion volumes Baseline glutamate concentrations in pwMS negatively correlated with T1 scan total lesion volumes (n=8; r=-0.80, p=0.017; Figure 6). No other thalamic metabolite correlated with lesion volumes. Lesion volumes in HCs (n=6) were assumed to be zero and are depicted in Figure 6, but this parameter was excluded from statistical analyses. No lesions were found in the thalami of pwMS in this study. Glutamate concentration correlated even more strongly with left hemisphere lesion volumes (p=0.0091), an expected finding given that the left thalamus was used as the studys ROI. The correlation was least significant when using right hemisphere lesion volumes (p=0.030). These results are reported in Table 3. Sampled lesion load location r, correlation coefficient p-value Left hemisphere -0.84 0.0091 Right hemisphere -0.75 0.030 Both hemispheres/Total -0.80 0.016 Thalamic glutamate concentrations increase following natalizumab treatment Glutamate concentrations measured in the thalami of pwMS increased significantly (p=[LP7]) between the 10 and 56 weeks (n=12 pairs of data-points) follow-up scans. At 56 weeks, no significant difference between the pwMS and HC groups was recorded, suggesting that glutamate levels had normalised[LP8]. No significant difference in glutamate concentration was recorded between baseline and 10 weeks follow-up scans (n=7 pairs of data-points) and between baseline and 56 weeks follow-up (n=7 pairs of data-points).[LP9] This observational study used proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) to compare metabolite concentrations in 17 pwMS and 12 HCs. Study findings indicate a lower baseline concentration of glutamate in the thalami of pwMS compared to HCs. In pwMS this correlated negatively with total baseline brain lesion volume, which supports our initial hypothesis that thalamic MRS specifically measuring glutamate can be used as a surrogate for global central nervous system pathology. An increase in glutamate concentrations was recorded following natalizumab treatment between 10 and 56 weeks of follow-up. To our groups knowledge, this is the first 1H-MRS study to identify baseline cross-sectional differences in thalamic glutamate, correlate glutamate concentrations with total lesion volumes, and report longitudinal changes in thalamic glutamate following natalizumab treatment. Thalamic glutamate is a potential surrogate for total brain neuronal damage in highly active MS Glutamate, the chief central nervous system excitatory neurotransmitter is mainly synthesized from glutamine31,32. In addition to its neurotransmitter role, glutamate concentration is closely linked to the Krebs cycle, which reflects the cells metabolic activity. Previous proton MRS studies in MS reported higher levels of glutamate in lesioned white matter of pwMS compared to HCs33,34. One of these studies also reported lower levels of glutamate in lesioned grey matter regions34. The limitation of using white or grey matter lesions as ROIs is the high heterogeneity of these brain regions. With regards to WMLs, their definition includes- among others- active, inactive and remyelinating lesions. As for grey matter, this can be affected by exposure to cytokines from meningeal follicle-like structures or, similarly to WMLs, demyelination13,35,36. Current MRS imaging is unable to discriminate between these different pathologies. Therefore, metabolite concentrations obtained from these ROI s are likely to reflect the aforementioned local pathological changes, rather than global MS pathology. In contrast, the potential advantage of thalamic MRS is that the thalamus is rarely affected by local inflammation in MS37,38. Given that it is a subcortical hub highly connected with numerous other brain areas, this study hypothesised that the thalamus could be used as a biomarker of total brain neuronal damage in highly active MS. Two results in our study support this hypothesis: the decreased concentration of glutamate in pwMS and the negative correlation between glutamate and total brain lesion volume. Lesion volumes in MS have been found to correlate with axonal loss39 and disability40. Moreover, glutamate is mainly found in synaptic vesicles, therefore the decreased thalamic glutamate recorded in pwMS in this study could represent neuronal degeneration and synapse loss. Thalamic glutamate increases following natalizumab treatment Between 10 and 56 weeks of natalizumab treatment our group recorded a significant increase (p=,) in the concentration of thalamic glutamate in pwMS. At the end of the follow-up period, glutamate levels normalised, with no significant difference being recorded between pwMS and HC groups. No significant differences in glutamate concentration were found between baseline and 10 (n=x pairs?) and baseline and 56 weeks (n=x pairs?)[LP10] follow-up scans. It can be hypothesised that the limited sample size of pairs of data-points between baseline and 56 weeks follow-up glutamate prevented us from recording an existing statistically significant difference. With regards to changes in glutamate between baseline and 10 weeks, there could be a significant change in glutamate concentration within this timeframe, which was not picked up due to our limited sample size. It also cannot be excluded that thalamic MRS may take longer to respond to treatment. Previous published literature has shown lower glutamate concentrations in lesioned white matter of pwMS at baseline, which increased following treatment with natalizumab41. This effect can be attributed to the anti-inflammatory proprieties of natalizumab. By preventing production of nitrogen oxide and reactive oxygen species by macrophages, the drug could reduce axonal damage otherwise caused by these compounds42,43. Study limitations The algorithm used my SPM8 is incapable of accurately differentiating between the brighter grey and surrounding white matter, as the image intensity in the thalamus is very close to the intensity of white matter. Therefore the software records a higher white matter proportion in the thalamus than the true one. It should be however noted that this inaccuracy in measuring white/grey matter ratio should not cause any systematic error that would affect overall results. The studys HCs were adequately age-matched but poorly gender-matched to pwMS. Previous studies however reported no significant differences in any of the metabolite concentrations in the brain between different genders44. Therefore, no correction for a gender effect was made. The HC group only had a baseline scan, with no longitudinal data recorded. A useful longitudinal control group may be untreated pwMS. The absence of such a control group is currently however a common limitation, as people with highly active MS are nearly always on treatment. Having no information on the natural history of thalamic MRS in pwMS, it is difficult to interpret the significance of longitudinal changes in glutamate seen in this study. Lastly, albeit the thalamus is seldom affected by inflammatory activity in pwMS, the presence of inflammatory lesions has been previously described45. Such lesions are a confounding factor as they directly influence measured metabolite concentrations. However, based on T1, double inversion recovery pulse and phase sensitive inversion recovery sequences, no thalamic lesions were observed in our study. Future work Studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm our baseline findings, as well as to confidently interpret longitudinal changes in glutamate concentrations following natalizumab treatment. The presence of a pwMS untreated control group is not justifiable on ethical and legal grounds, however fu

GREECE :: essays research papers

Greece   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The two most dominating city-states in Greece of their time, Athens and Sparta, were great rivals with two very different ways of life. Sparta’s overbearing military and Athens’ impartial justice system and government are models for many modern day countries. Even though these two city-states differ greatly from one another, they share many characteristics of their country and their time period.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Athens and Sparta were the two most powerful Greek territories of their time. Like most cities of the same country, they have the same Greek culture, worshipping the same Greek gods and speaking Greek. Like all Greeks, their people loved to talk and tell stories. Although they fought against each other, their citizens equally had great amounts of pride for their entire country as well as their city-states. The two rivals were both devoted mainly to agriculture and based their wealth, but not their success, on agriculture. Both also participated in the annual Olympics, an ancient Greek national athletic competition which is now a worldwide tradition. These to Greek city-states were the most feared city-states in all of Greece.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though Athens and Sparta were similar, they were also very different. Athens was the first democracy, and it was also the first to govern with trial by jury. Athens’ main accomplishment was that it had a very strong Navy. It was the command of the sea and the head of the Naval Alliance, or the Delian League. Athens was the most feared city-state to fight at sea. Its other achievements were that is had excellent forms of art, architecture, drama and literature, philosophy, science, and medicine. It was very wealthy and had beautiful, extravagant temples. The boys of Athens went to school between the ages of five and eighteen, where they learned reading, writing, mathematics, music, poetry, sports and gymnastics. The girls stayed at home and learned spinning, weaving and domestic arts. Athens had well educated men, a good sense of art, and an all-powerful navy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sparta developed the most powerful military oligarchy of their time. They had a very strong army and were the most feared city-state to fight on land. Sparta was a member of the Peloponnesian League and was the most powerful people in it. Its excellent military conquered many territories, which they controlled with slaves. Sparta’s sole achievement, other than military supremacy, was that its people possessed a simple life style, with no care for the arts of Athens. GREECE :: essays research papers Greece   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The two most dominating city-states in Greece of their time, Athens and Sparta, were great rivals with two very different ways of life. Sparta’s overbearing military and Athens’ impartial justice system and government are models for many modern day countries. Even though these two city-states differ greatly from one another, they share many characteristics of their country and their time period.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Athens and Sparta were the two most powerful Greek territories of their time. Like most cities of the same country, they have the same Greek culture, worshipping the same Greek gods and speaking Greek. Like all Greeks, their people loved to talk and tell stories. Although they fought against each other, their citizens equally had great amounts of pride for their entire country as well as their city-states. The two rivals were both devoted mainly to agriculture and based their wealth, but not their success, on agriculture. Both also participated in the annual Olympics, an ancient Greek national athletic competition which is now a worldwide tradition. These to Greek city-states were the most feared city-states in all of Greece.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though Athens and Sparta were similar, they were also very different. Athens was the first democracy, and it was also the first to govern with trial by jury. Athens’ main accomplishment was that it had a very strong Navy. It was the command of the sea and the head of the Naval Alliance, or the Delian League. Athens was the most feared city-state to fight at sea. Its other achievements were that is had excellent forms of art, architecture, drama and literature, philosophy, science, and medicine. It was very wealthy and had beautiful, extravagant temples. The boys of Athens went to school between the ages of five and eighteen, where they learned reading, writing, mathematics, music, poetry, sports and gymnastics. The girls stayed at home and learned spinning, weaving and domestic arts. Athens had well educated men, a good sense of art, and an all-powerful navy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sparta developed the most powerful military oligarchy of their time. They had a very strong army and were the most feared city-state to fight on land. Sparta was a member of the Peloponnesian League and was the most powerful people in it. Its excellent military conquered many territories, which they controlled with slaves. Sparta’s sole achievement, other than military supremacy, was that its people possessed a simple life style, with no care for the arts of Athens.

Personal Response to Robinson Crusoe, by Daniel Defoe Essay -- Robinso

Defoe's novel, Robinson Crusoe relates one man's spiritual journey in search of self and his goal of setting things right and making amends. Finding the self may take a lifetime. It took twenty-eight years on the island for Robinson Crusoe to discover more about himself, and, of course, he had to wait that number of years before he could make up for past mistakes. However, we do not have an ocean preventing us from making amends, and if only readers were to open themselves to this book, for all its clumsiness, flat style and Eurocentricity, it can, by illustrating one man's life, illuminate ours. To begin opening ourselves we must begin to identify with Crusoe. This is not as easy as it might seem. For one thing, in my case, he is a man, and I am a woman. He lived two hundred years ago so had very different values. He was white. I am not. It is, however, necessary to push these things aside and go to the text. Look especially at instances when Crusoe is not the most politically correct of heros- -when he seems most at odds with our thinking. Consider Crusoe's treatment of Friday. Friday has no name of his own, and he, the "savage," automatically becomes a servant. Here, Crusoe is condescending and racist. Yet, when I look at my own actions towards others, I have to admit that many times they fall short of being good or just. Let us be honest, don't we all shun or dislike those not like ourselves in color, age, social standing, or religion, at some time or other? One other important flaw--some might not call it a flaw at all--is Crusoe's bond of utility rather than bond of mutual respect that forms the basis of his friendships. Crusoe is a man that, early in the novel, is a friend when the other person c... ...eight years on a desert island. We learn that what really keeps us down is our human self absorption and that we have to rise above this terrible selfishness. We learn that finding the self is acknowledging our frailty and working, in spite of it, towards making our spiritual side strong. If I realize what is important in life, I know I have learnt from Crusoe's experiences and will never have to cry "Oh had there been but one .... "The one book that teaches all that books can teach" Rousseau "I shall pass through this world but once; any good thing therefore I can do, or any kindness I can show to any human being let me do it now, let me not defer it or neglect it, for I shall not pass this way again." Stephen Grellet Works Cited Defoe, Daniel. Robinson Crusoe. Ed. Thomas Keymer. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2008. Print. Oxford World's Classics.

The Evolution and Mechanism of Immunological Memory and Its Impact on Immunology Research.

The Evolution and Mechanism of Immunological Memory and its Impact on Immunology Research. Recently, the Center for Disease and Control reported that it has discovered a super bug, a bacteria, that has the capability of resisting almost any antibiotic known to human. In addition to resisting antibiotics, these superbugs are deadly. Not only do the bugs cause death to half of the patients with serious infectious diseases, but they also spread their genes that make the bugs resistant to other bacteria cells (USA TODAY, 2013). This class of superbugs is known as carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae (CRE).Currently, CRE are found mainly in hospitals and nursing homes. However, if these bacteria escape into the environment, the results can be devastating. For instance, the bacteria may cause small diseases, such as the common cold, to become untreatable because the CRE alters the small disease genetics in a way where it is resistant to vaccination and other medicines (USA TODAY, 2013). Although this type of bacteria is new and deadly, it is not the first time that the world has encountered something similar to CRE. For instance, Staphylococcus aureus is one of the well-known examples of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics.One reason doctors use antibiotics is because bacteria are often resistant to the immune system of a body. The resistance of bacteria to the immune system is due to natural selection and genetic mutation. Because bacteria reproduce at a rapid rate, some bacteria that contain the adaptive, resistant traits survive and reproduce offspring that contains the resistant genes. They produce immune-resistant genes through genetic mutation. The alteration made by the genetic mutation can create a trait that is resistant to the immune system.As a result, the genetically mutated bacteria will be able to reproduce without interference from the host’s defense system. As a powerful tool that the body uses to protect itself from pathogens and bac teria, the immune system consist of several parts, and the immunological memory is one of the most important. Understanding the evolution and the mechanism of both the immune system and immunological memory, new research areas can be developed and new vaccines can be created that target the immune systems of pathogens or that alter the immune system to make it more efficient in combating pathogens.Evolution of the innate immune system and the innate memory Organisms of the same species’ innate memory are almost the same. This memory comes from millions of years of evolution (Sompayrac, 2008). The immunological innate memory is based on pattern recognition receptors. Pattern recognition receptors are the main components that allow the innate immune system to recognize the pathogens and activate antigens (Kurtz, 2004). These receptors have gone through millions of years of evolution. One of the main receptors is the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) (Sompayrac, 2008).Instead of studyi ng the body’s defense to pathogens, current research investigate the evolution of the innate immune system through observing the examples of specific receptors in simple organisms. Wu and Huan (2011) are studying the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) and the leucine-rich repeat (LRR), which are the two domains that make up the TLR. TIR and LRR are connected by a transmembrane helical starch that is 20 amino acids long. TIR plays an important role in activating the innate immune system by detecting lipopolysaccharide from gram-negative bacteria.The interaction between the receptors of both the innate immune system and bacteria is handled by LRR. Figure 1: Illustration of evolutionary tree of invertebrates. Amphimedon came before Cnidarians. (Wu and Huan 2011) To understand the evolution of TLR, scientists have to discover when the TIR and LRP first appeared. One research conducted by Dr. Wu and coworkers (2011) attempted to create a phylogenetic tree of the TLR. After comparin g the protein of different organisms, they discovered that sponges, such as Amphimedon queenslandica, contained a single TIR domain that was distinctly related to the TLR of vertebrates (Wu and Huan, 2011).The finding prompted them to conduct further analyses of TIR proteins in organisms that appeared later than Amphimedon queenslandica. As shown in Figure 1, cnidarians appeared after Amphimedon queenslandic. Cnidarians had TIR proteins that were similar to that of vertebrates. Cnidarians are one of the simplest organisms, and their TIR proteins allow them to have the characteristics of allorecongnition, the ability to distinguish its own tissue from another (Wu and Huan, 2011). LRR was not found in cnidarians.The finding of TIRs that were similar to vertebrates in cnidarians only answered part of the question. Wu and Huan were not able to find the first appearance of LRR. They found the combination of LRR and TIR to make TLR after analyzing the TLR proteins of three basal deuterost ome invertebrates and five protostome mammals. The conclusion is that the combination of TIR and LRR occurred after the divergence of bilateria and nonbilateria. After the separation, the receptors became more complex because they started to have the capability of allorecongnition and a killing mechanism (Wu and Huan, 2011).After further comparison of the TLR of vertebrates, they determined that another combination occurred between the TIR and LRR during the evolution of primates (Wu and Huan, 2011). They believe that this second combination gave rise to our present TLR, which has the capability of signaling the innate and alerting the adaptive immune system. The innate immune system is the oldest defense system. Because of this, the earliest form of the innate immune system of simple organisms, such as cnidarians, are closely related to vertebrates, such as people.As organisms moved from water to land, they encountered more types of pathogens. Pressure from pathogens caused many or ganisms to develop an innate memory that is more expansive. However, as organisms became more complex, the innate memory did not adequately protect the organism. The inadequacy of the innate immune system leads to the formation of the adaptive immune system. Evolution of the adaptive immune system and the adaptive memory The adaptive memory is different from the innate memory because the receptors in the adaptive memory begin life with a blank memory.There are two major types of lymphocyte receptors that play an important role in the adaptive memory: B cell and T cell. It is hypothesized that B cell receptors (BCRs) and T cell receptors (TCRs) have a common ancestor (Flanjnik et al. 2010). The characteristics of these genes are discovered in gnathostomes, but not in agnatha. These characteristics include being able to have large amount of cells for differentiation. This finding caused scientists to create a theory called the ‘big bang theory’ of adaptive immune system ( AIS) emergence.The finding also prompted scientists to examine the changes of these receptors’ characteristics from gnathostomes to mammals. These finding lead scientists to determine the origin and evolution of the adaptive immune system. Figure 2: A summary of the immunoglobulin’s structures and functions found in gnathostomes to mammals. The first receptor that researchers focused on was the B cell receptors. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a B cell receptor that has the same function in all organisms starting from the gnathostomes (Flajnik and Hasahara, 2009). Some of these functions include having its transmembrane form defining the B cells.In humans, IgM is responsible for increasing the complement activation during the interaction of antigens and lymphocytes. This characteristic caused the IgM to be very efficient at causing lysis in microorganisms. IgM also causes clumping of pathogens. The clumping of pathogens was discovered in bony fish, while the increasing of th e complement activation was found in cartilaginous fish. This showed that although the function of IgM did not change, it was altered as organisms became more complex. Immunoglobulin D (IgD) is another B cell receptor.IgD is different from IgM because although both humans and bony fish have IgD, IgD in humans is attached to the surface of basophils, while in bony fish, the IgD is attached to granulocytes’ surface (Flajnik and Hasahara, 2009). Although the function of IgD is still unknown, the finding of IgD at two different locations indicates that there are possible changes in its functionality. The only vertebrates that do not have IgD are birds. These findings support the idea that like IgM, IgD is an old antibody class that has changed its function from gnathostomes to mammals. Amphibians have a B cell receptor known as IgY.Mammals have IgG, IgE, and IgA B cell receptors. Mammals obtained IgG and IgE through the alternative splicing of IgY. IgG has the same function as Ig Y. IgE’s function is different from IgG because it is responsible for releasing various pharmacological mediators, while IgG’s function is to activate complement when reacting with an antigen. IgA is found in reptiles. The discovery of IgE, IgG, and IgA in mammals reinforces the idea that as organisms became more complex the type of immunoglobulin receptors increased, thus making the adaptive immune system more complex. Like BCRs, some TCRs had a similar situation. ? T cell receptors from jawed fish to mammals have the same function. ? T cell receptors in both sharks and marsupials are structurally the same. Both sharks and marsupials have three domain receptor chain with two amino-terminal V domains and a membrane-proximal C domain. However, the formation of the V domains and C domains are different for sharks and marsupials. The V domain for sharks is made from VDJ rearrangement, while the V domain for marsupials is generated by one set of V, D and J segments of a pr e-rearranged VDJ gene. The function of these receptors has not been reported.The difference in the formation of the V domain indicates that due to pressure from the environment, part of the adaptive immune system underwent evolution to meet the needs of marsupials. Examining the change of the receptors from the gnathostomes to mammals has shown that the adaptive immune system underwent change as organisms became more complex. However, this does not illustrate how the adaptive immune system formed. The recombination-activating gene (RAG) transposon and the whole-genome duplication are the two events that brought about the adaptive immune system (Flajnik and Hasahara, 2009).RAG encodes enzymes that impact the rearrangement of T cell receptors and immunoglobulin. There are two main types of RAG in vertebrate immune system: RAG-1 and RAG-2. These two types of RAGs play a major role in the formation of immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF). During the 1970s, two Japanese researchers discover ed that recombination signal sequences (RSSs) were flanked by V,D, and J rearranging segments. These segments within the RSSs had repeats that were reminiscent of a transposon. From this, they reasoned that a transposon invaded IgSF (Flajnik and Hasahara, 2009).The invasion resulted in IgSF not being able to function unless through recombinase. Flajnik and Hasahara believed that IgSF genes were invaded by the RAG transposons. Researchers could not obtain all RAG genes from agnatha, but they were able to obtain it from gnathostomes. This indicates that the RAG transposon plays a role in triggering IgSF (Flajnik and Hasahara, 2009). The invasion of the genome by the transposon was vital for the adaptive immunity system because it gave rise to BCR and TCR, which are part of the IgSF and both play a major role in the adaptive immune system.The occurrence of whole genome duplication also plays a role in the formation of the vertebrate adaptive immune system. Susumu Ohrno was the first re searcher to propose the idea that the vertebrate genome underwent two rounds of whole gene duplication (WGD), which occurred after the emergence of the jawed vertebrates. WGD is an event that creates an organism with additional copies of the entire genome. At first, this idea was met with great skepticism but scientists now accept the idea because many ohnologues are essential components of the jawed ertebrate adaptive immune system. Ohnologues are paralogues that are close to the origin of vertebrates through whole-genome duplication (Flajnik and Hasahara, 2009). Understanding what influences the evolution of the adaptive memory is also important in understanding the evolution of the adaptive memory. There are many speculations on why the adaptive immune system is developed. Some reasoned that because the innate immune system was inefficient and difficult to regulate, it lead to the development of the adaptive immune system.Pressure from pathogens and the ability to have few offspr ing also caused natural selection to favor the formation of an adaptive immune system (Flajnik and Hasahara, 2009). For instance, organisms such as seahorses live in an environment that has few pathogens that will threaten its livelihood. In addition, seahorses produce large amount of offspring. Because there are not many pathogens that a seahorse encounters, the innate immune system is adequate in dealing with the few pathogens. Organisms such as sharks are predators, and many produce few offspring during their lifetime.This pressurizes sharks to have an adaptive immune system because the offspring will have the ability to combat pathogens of all types. Sharks adaptive immune system is not as complex as vertebrates that dwell on land because water does not contain as many pathogens as compared to land. Mazmamian of California Institute of Technology recently conducted a research that indicated that microbiota had a larger influence on the evolution of the adaptive immune system tha n pathogens’ influence (Lee et al. , 2012). Microbiota have a symbiotic relationship with the body.An example of this occurs with bacteria located in the gut. A function of these bacteria is that they help food move quickly through the body. Researchers have discovered that the microbiota, which includes bacteria and viruses, have many different antigens. This provides the adaptive immune system and the microbiota with a challenge because the immune system must either react toward or ignore the foreign antigen (Lee et al. , 2012). In order to prevent overreaction from both parties, both the adaptive immune system and the microbiota develop tolerance through the expansion of regulatory T cell (Lee et al. , 2012).Scientists speculated that this symbiotic relationship between vertebrates and microbiota could have influenced the adaptive memory because symbiotic microbiota could have pressured vertebrates to develop the current adaptive immune system that have developed tolerance to bacteria that is good for the body (Lee et al. , 2012). Current research applications Edward Jenner was the first to start experimenting with vaccines. Afterwards, research on vaccines became more complex. Vaccine researches now include the study of the pathogens and virus’ immune system. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus.One of the most studied pathogens is the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Currently, there are two standard strategies to combat Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The first strategy involves identifying the protein that is produced by the bacterium that is essential to its virulence (Flynn, 2004). Once the protein is identified, the immune system can neutralize the protein. This will result in the bacteria not being infectious to the body. This strategy cannot be applied to Mycobacterium tuberculosis because although there is ongoing research, scientists have not been able to identify the protein that causes its virulence (Flynn, 2004).Myc obacterium tuberculosis’ main virulence is its ability to survive within macrophages. The second strategy is to use an attenuated form of the pathogen, which will cause an effective immune response, but will not cause disease. The second strategy involves the adaptive memory immune system because the vaccine is causing the adaptive memory to remember the pathogens that is similar to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Currently, the second strategy is implemented through the vaccine Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) (Flynn, 2004). BCG is used by 4 million people around the world (Flynn, 2004).Although BCG is the most commonly used vaccine to treat tuberculosis, it is still not effective because the vaccine can only prevent tuberculosis only in children, but not in adults. Researchers are now investigating the immune response to M. tuberculosis in order to create more effective vaccines. Current research involves injecting patients with the cytokine interleukin 12 (IL-12) (Flynn, 2004). Il-12 plays an important role in controlling M. tuberculosis infection. Studies have shown that when mice are injected with the Il-12 DNA, the amount of bacterial numbers of M. tuberculosis is greatly reduced.Tumor necrosis factors ? (TNF-? ) and interferon-gamma (IFN-? ) are important cytokines that play an important role in combating M. tuberculosis. IFN-? is a central cytokine in control of M. tuberculosis because it activates the macrophages to attack M. tuberculosis (Flynn, 2004). Organisms with defective IFN-? are more susceptible to infections. TNF-? is important because in synergy with INF-? , it leads to the formation of nitrogen oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) (Flynn, 2004). Although NOS2’s role is not clearly known, it is shown that when organisms were under the infection of M. uberculosis, NOS2 expression was low (Flynn, 2004). This indicates that a high expression of TNF-? , IFN-? , and NOS2 can cause the body to fend off tuberculosis. It is known that overexpression of TNF-? can also cause harm to the body by increasing the chance of getting tuberculosis (Flynn, 2004). As a result, researchers are now conducting vaccine research on how to create the right amount of expression of the three cytokines that allow the immune system to effectively combat M. tuberculosis. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is another area targeted for vaccine research.Currently, there are three vaccines approaches in creating a vaccine that targets the HIV-1 protease (McMichael et al. , 2009). HIV protease is an important aspect of the HIV life cycle. All of these methods have failed. Scientists are now proposing to use less empirical approach and to focus more on understanding the immune response to HIV-1 infections when producing new vaccines (McMichael et al. , 2009). During an HIV infection, natural killer cells (NK) become activated. NK cells have the ability to control HIV replication through cytolysis of the infected cells.NK cells also have the capacity to in fluence T cell responses (McMichael et al. , 2009). HIV-1 has responded by reducing its receptors, making it harder for the NK cells to detect the infected cells. Current research is focused on priming the antiviral activity of the NK cells through vaccination. Researchers are cautious when activating the innate immune system because the innate immune response can be harmful because the activation of the innate immune system produces pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which can promote the HIV-1 replication (McMichael et al. , 2009).As a result, the vaccine-induced activation of the innate immune system must be thoroughly tested and used with caution. Conclusion There are many laboratories around the world conducting research on creating an effective vaccine to target the different diseases that people combat every day. Although this strategy is new, implementing a research strategy that focuses more on the immune system when creating vaccines will allow the vaccine to be mo re effective. In addition, implementing this strategy requires deep understanding of the mechanism and evolution of both the innate and adaptive immune systems.Both the innate and adaptive immune system evolve from being able to perform simple tasks in primitive organisms to perform complex tasks in complex organisms, such as humans. Therefore, in order to create a vaccine, it is vital to start from simple organisms. Once that is accomplished, one can build on top of the newly developed vaccine that targets more complex organisms and combat the superbug carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae. Literature Cited 1. Flajnik and Hasahara, Martin F. , and Masanori Kasahara. â€Å"Origin and Evolution of the Adaptive Immune System: Genetic Events and Selective Pressures. Nature Reviews Genetics 11. 1 (2009): 47-59. Print. 2. Flynn, JoAnne L. â€Å"Immunology of Tuberculosis and Implications in Vaccine Development. † Tuberculosis 84. 1-2 (2004): 93-101. Print 3. Kurtz, Joachim. â⠂¬Å"Memory in the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems. † Microbes and Infection 6. 15 (2004): 1410-417. Print 4. Lee, Yun Kyung, and Sarkis K. Mazmanian. â€Å"Has the Microbiota Played a Critical Role in the Evolution of the Adaptive Immune System? † Science 330 (2012): 1768-773. Print. Kurtz, Joachim. 5. McMichael, Andrew J. , Persephone Borrow, Georgia D.Tomaras, Nilu Goonetilleke, and Barton F. Haynes. â€Å"The Immune Response during Acute HIV-1 Infection: Clues for Vaccine Development. † Nature Reviews Immunology 10. 1 (2009): 11-23. Print. 6. Sompayrac, Lauren. How the Immune System Works. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. , 2008. Print 7. USA TODAY. â€Å"CDC Sounds Alarm on Deadly, Untreatable Superbugs. † USA TODAY. N. p. , 5 Mar. 2013. Web. 23 Mar. 2013. 8. Wu, Baojun, and Tianxiao Huan. â€Å"Domain Combination of the Vertebrate-like TLR Gene Family: Implications for Their Origin and Evolution. † Journal of Genetics 90. 3 (2011): 401-08. Print

Aboriginal Peoples in Canada: A History Essay

In studying the early history of relations between the Aboriginal people of the country that is now called Canada, and the European newcomers from first contact to present day, it appears that more of the truth from the past is being revealed even now. Aboriginal philosophy and technology was vastly different and considered primitive to most newcomers but also was seen as brilliant to those newcomers that were able to understand and learn some of the ancient traditions. It would not be fair to assume that marginalization of the aboriginal was increased only as a direct result of technology, as each culture has its own technology not necessarily better or worse than the other. In early times the Europeans were at the mercy of the Aboriginal`s for their very survival as they were not fit to survive in this part of North America because of the difficult geography and climate. In Dickason’s book Canada’s First Nations: A History of Founding Peoples from Earliest Times she makes reference to how, â€Å"Anthropologist Robin Rodington has made the point that their technology consisted of knowledge rather than tools† (Dickason, pg. 40). It was soon seen that the aboriginal technologies including; survival, shared wealth, spirituality, navigating the wilderness, hunting, trapping, song, dance, stories and methods of warfare were all beneficial to the new colonial pioneers. See more: My Writing Process Essay The Europeans also brought; greed, firearms, firewater, reading, religion and writing (books), some of which were beneficial to the aboriginal but not necessary as they had done very well without them for a long time. Dickason then goes on to explain â€Å"that Amerindians had been able to survive as well as they did with a comparatively simple tool kit† (Dickason. Pg. 40) This simple tool kit was used along with complex knowledge to enable pre-contact aboriginal people to thrive in Northern North America. The early Europeans quickly realized that Aboriginals skills would be required in order for them to survive in such an environment, but they did not yet understand that these Aboriginal people were not to be easily conquered. The Canadian Aboriginal people’s military strength was often underestimated and misunderstood. As the aboriginal people eventually became a minority in their own land and their technology was seen as lacking any real value they were seen as being in the way of progress. In his book Sweet Promises J. R. Miller explains in the introduction how one historian has referred to as the ‘onset of irrelevance’. Relations changed drastically as the aboriginal people were no longer needed for military support as peace was on the horizon after the war of 1812. Increased immigration coupled with; death, disease and a lack of a way to provide for themselves led to the aboriginal people becoming even more of a minority. As marginalization hastened resulting in the aboriginal people having few choices left as they had become institutionalized by the government that was clearly not trying to help them at this point. All they could do was survive and try and hold on to what they had known before the Europeans had arrived not to mention their self-respect. Looking at this part of the World at this time which is considered a time of peace after The War of 1812. With the technological revolution under way which would change every culture on the planet, including the Canadian aboriginal way of life. The government with an increasing amount of immigrants and only so much good land to go around would create the reserve and the residential school to deal with the aboriginal. It was a piece at a time process but eventually it would contribute to their further marginalization and demise as a people. The government of its day just wanted what was best for its people of which the aboriginal were not. They were acting as if they were doing something good for the aboriginal people but facts are facts. The Steam engine, the automobile and soon another War would affect the aboriginal way of life both negatively and positively as well. It wouldn’t be until after the Second World War that the Canadian Aboriginal would begin to have any relevance as it would seem as the same as the reasons in the past. As J. R. miller points out in Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens â€Å"that the relationship between the indigenous peoples and non- natives has been shaped by practical, often economic, factors†. (Miller pg. 402-3). The recent â€Å"Idle No More† protest movement is proof that the Canadian aboriginal people are going to become more relevant in Canada’s future. Looking at the history of Canada with a better understanding from both the aboriginal side and the European side it is clear to see the past. In history this same process has occurred between different cultures and their technologies. Sometimes as well in history it has been seen that the cultures that survive exclusion emerge and then their true wisdom and its value is understood by all. More of the cause of the marginalization that has occurred was a clash of cultures; one of greed vs. that of benevolence. I see this happening now more than ever in Canada and the world could learn from the aboriginal knowledge especially how to protect the planet and its inhabitants.

Parents Are Not Always Right

In some areas of the Philippines where I grew up, young men and women were much more sophisticated and conservative values were practiced by cost individuals. Unlike teenagers who grew up in the United States, the ones in the Philippines were more laid-back and reserved. Despite the fact that I grew up in a place where traditional and conventional values were practiced, influences in society such as the media, still played a role in growing up. Therefore, teenagers did not always stay true to the advice of their parents.Parenting is an intricate subject. Some guardians believe that being a strict parent to their children will allow them to stay on the right path and grow up as responsible adults. However, strict parenting also back-fire which can result in their children wanting to rebel and go against their parent's orders. The advice that my parents gave me of not having a boyfriend until finishing school is an example of this type of parenting. Thankfully, my parents and I still h ad a close relationship after I disobeyed them that one time.They still trusted me since I always gave them a reason to. Unfortunately, I have witnessed dreadful outcomes in my group of friends when their parents strongly applied this rule to their children. In addition, their parents became too overprotective and would intrude in their child's privacy which resulted In their child feeling suffocated and feeling the need to go against their parents orders since their parents acted as If they could not be trusted.After witnessing a friend went through this experience, I learned that If you raise a child to respect certain values and they are aware that you trust them, It can do miracles. This can also benefit their relationship with their children In the future knowing that there was always a strong trust factor between hem. Once trust Is gained, a child will become open and comfortable with their guardians. There Is a thin line between being a good parent and an overbearing one who actually hurts a child's well-being.Being young Is about making mistakes and learning from them with the help of supportive people In the lives, such as their parents. Parents Are Not Always Right By Ð’Â »locale's intrude in their child's privacy which resulted in their child feeling suffocated and feeling the need to go against their parents orders since their parents acted as if earned that if you raise a child to respect certain values and they are aware that you trust them, it can do miracles.This can also benefit their relationship with their children in the future knowing that there was always a strong trust factor between them. Once trust is gained, a child will become open and comfortable with their guardians. There is a thin line between being a good parent and an overbearing one who actually hurts a child's well-being. Being young is about making mistakes and learning from them with the help of supportive people in the lives, such as their Parents Are Not Always Right In some areas of the Philippines where I grew up, young men and women were much more sophisticated and conservative values were practiced by cost individuals. Unlike teenagers who grew up in the United States, the ones in the Philippines were more laid-back and reserved. Despite the fact that I grew up in a place where traditional and conventional values were practiced, influences in society such as the media, still played a role in growing up. Therefore, teenagers did not always stay true to the advice of their parents.Parenting is an intricate subject. Some guardians believe that being a strict parent to their children will allow them to stay on the right path and grow up as responsible adults. However, strict parenting also back-fire which can result in their children wanting to rebel and go against their parent's orders. The advice that my parents gave me of not having a boyfriend until finishing school is an example of this type of parenting. Thankfully, my parents and I still h ad a close relationship after I disobeyed them that one time.They still trusted me since I always gave them a reason to. Unfortunately, I have witnessed dreadful outcomes in my group of friends when their parents strongly applied this rule to their children. In addition, their parents became too overprotective and would intrude in their child's privacy which resulted In their child feeling suffocated and feeling the need to go against their parents orders since their parents acted as If they could not be trusted.After witnessing a friend went through this experience, I learned that If you raise a child to respect certain values and they are aware that you trust them, It can do miracles. This can also benefit their relationship with their children In the future knowing that there was always a strong trust factor between hem. Once trust Is gained, a child will become open and comfortable with their guardians. There Is a thin line between being a good parent and an overbearing one who actually hurts a child's well-being.Being young Is about making mistakes and learning from them with the help of supportive people In the lives, such as their parents. Parents Are Not Always Right By Ð’Â »locale's intrude in their child's privacy which resulted in their child feeling suffocated and feeling the need to go against their parents orders since their parents acted as if earned that if you raise a child to respect certain values and they are aware that you trust them, it can do miracles.This can also benefit their relationship with their children in the future knowing that there was always a strong trust factor between them. Once trust is gained, a child will become open and comfortable with their guardians. There is a thin line between being a good parent and an overbearing one who actually hurts a child's well-being. Being young is about making mistakes and learning from them with the help of supportive people in the lives, such as their

A Model of Christian Charity Essay

In 1630, John Winthrop led a fleet of 17 ships and a thousand puritans from England to the Massachusetts Bay. With a new place to call home, John Winthrop and the puritans hoped for a fresh start in the new world. The main reason for this new beginning was due to the fact that they had broken apart from England’s Church and had declared to start their own church. They believed that starting a new church was ordained by God and that the Massachusetts Bay area was given to them by God in order to start the Church. With a plan to start a new Church, John Winthrop created, â€Å"A Model of Christian Charity† to help set guidelines. These guidelines were a mix of logic and Biblical teachings that would be used to help start the new Church. Without these guidelines the new Church surely would have not been very successful. Winthrop was essential to the foundation of the new Church, and without him, the Church would have surely failed. John Winthrop’s writing gives a foundation in which the puritans can build the Church. A main point that John Winthrop wrote is that Christians need to start serving the Lord with all of their heart and try to increase the body of Christ. Increasing the body of Christ meaning that the puritans would influence others to trust in Christ and grow the population of Christ followers. The body of Christ means the community of those who follow Christ, and the doctrine that Winthrop wrote told the puritans that they need to profess themselves as followers of Christ. They need to be able to show others the Christ in them. Winthrop says that Christians are bound together by the love of Christ, and that love is unbreakable. Another main point that Winthrop mentions is that they need to go against the crowd, the crowd meaning the English Church. Since the puritans are breaking away from the English Church, then it would be wrong to copy the English Church. That would be too easy, instead they need to do what they feel is right and go against the English Church entirely. These main points of Winthrop’s covenant were vital to the foundation of the new Church. At the end of his covenant, Winthrop discusses what will happen if the puritans were to break the covenant. If the puritans were to break the  covenant then the Lord will strike them down for not keeping the covenant. Winthrop explains that Massachusetts would be a city on a hill in which people would admire and look up to. Not one that breaks the covenant and disobeys God, rather one that praises him. The puritans need to be a beacon of light to the world and show others the way to Christ. After the puritans had landed in Massachusetts, they began the new Church and succeeded in doing so. Later in history, people use Winthrop’s ideas to say that God had chosen the United States as a beacon of democracy and freedom for others to follow, just like people followed the puritans.