Definitions and Examples of Argument in Rhetoric

In rhetoric, an argument is a course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating truth or falsehood. In composition, argument is one of the traditional modes of discourse. Adjective: argumentative. The Use of Argument in Rhetoric Daniel J. OKeefe, a professor of communication and persuasion theory, has distinguished two senses of argument. Put simply, Argument1, the first sense, is a thing people make, as when an editorialist argues that some public policy is wrong. Argument2 is a kind of interaction people have, as when two friends argue about where to have lunch. So argument1 comes close to the ancient rhetorical notion of argument, while argument2 legitimates the modern interactional research (quoted by Dale Hample in A Third Perspective on Argument. Philosophy and Rhetoric, 1985). Rhetorical Argument and Context An argument field  is a subdivision of rhetorical argument as determined by context or subject matter. (See  Toulmin Model.) (For the specialized use of this term in language studies, see Argument [Linguistics].) Robert Benchley on Arguments Most of the arguments to which I am party fall somewhat short of being impressive, owing to the fact that neither I nor my opponent knows what we are talking about. (Robert Benchley) Kinds of Arguments Argument, in its most basic form, can be described as a claim (the arguers position on a controversial issue) which is supported by reasons and evidence to make the claim convincing to an audience. All of the forms of argument described below include these components. Debate, with participants on both sides trying to win.Courtroom argument, with lawyers pleading before a judge and jury.Dialectic, with people taking opposing views and finally resolving the conflict.Single-perspective argument, with one person arguing to convince a mass audience.One-on-one everyday argument, with one person trying to convince another.Academic inquiry, with one or more people examining a complicated issue.Negotiation, with two or more people working to reach consensus.Internal argument, or working to convince yourself. (Nancy C. Wood, Perspectives on Argument. Pearson, 2004) General Rules for Composing a Short Argument 1. Distinguish premises and conclusion2. Present your ideas in natural order3. Start from reliable premises4. Be concrete and concise5. Avoid loaded language6. Use consistent terms7. Stick to one meaning for each term​  (Adapted from A Rulebook for Arguments, 3rd ed., by Anthony Weston. Hackett, 2000) Adapting Arguments to an Audience The goals of clarity, propriety, and persuasiveness dictate that we adapt our arguments, as well as the language in which they are cast, to an audience. Even a well-constructed argument may fail to convince if it is not adapted to your actual audience.(James A. Herrick, Argumentation: Understanding and Shaping Arguments, 3rd ed. Strata, 2007) The Lighter Side of Argument: The Argument Clinic Patron: I came here for a good argument.Sparring Partner: No, you didnt. You came here for an argument.Patron: Well, an argument is not the same as contradiction.Sparring Partner: Can be . . .Patron: No, it cant. An argument is a connected series of statements to establish a definite proposition.Sparring Partner: No it isnt.Patron: Yes it is. It isnt just contradiction.Sparring Partner: Look, if I argue with you, I must take up a contrary position.Patron: But it isnt just saying no it isnt.Sparring Partner: Yes it is.Patron: No it isnt! An argument is an intellectual process. Contradiction is just the automatic gain-saying of anything the other person says.Sparring Partner: No it isnt. (Michael Palin and John Cleese in The Argument Clinic. Monty Pythons Flying Circus, 1972) EtymologyFrom the Latin, to make clear Pronunciation: ARE-gyu-ment

Questions On Organizational Culture And Change - 1420 Words

Table of contents: 1.1: Compare different management styles 1.2: Discuss leadership characteristics 1.3 Evaluate communication processes in selected business 1.4: Analyse organisational culture and change in selected business 2.1: Assess own management skills performance 2.2: Analyse personal strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats 2.3: Set and prioritise objectives and targets to develop own potential 4.1 Explain how own managerial and personal skills will support career development 4.2 Review career and personal development needs, current performance and future needs to produce development plan Introduction: According to the travel and tourism management, the developing manager is very Important. A particularly big or†¦show more content†¦1.2: Discuss leadership characteristics. Autocratic: In this method of management, the manager becomes the main decision maker. the director won t think about the subordinates and their involution in choice making. Accordingly, the choices reflect the identity, phrenic originations and presumptions of the administrator. The decision does not reflect the team s collective opinion. In some cases, this style of management can move a business towards its goals rapidly and can fight through a challenging state. If the manager has a great personality, experience and exposure, the decisions made by him or her could be more preponderant than collective decision making. On the other hand, subordinates may become dependent upon the manager s decisions and may require exhaustive supervision. There are two types of autocratic managers: Directive autocrat. This type of managers make their decisions alone and supervise the subordinates proximately. Permissive autocrat. This type of managers make their decisions alone, but sanctions subordinates to liberating execute the decisions. Democratic: In this method of management, the supervisor is interested in other businesses assessments and respects their commitment into the choice making

Proportioning of Concrete Ingredients and Mixes Free Essays

Ingredients for concrete are cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. The best concrete can be obtained by mixing the ingredients in correct proportions. The ideal proportion of concrete will be that, which produces greatest strength and solidity at the least cost. We will write a custom essay sample on Proportioning of Concrete Ingredients and Mixes or any similar topic only for you Order Now In estimating the quantities of ingredients for cement concrete it should keep in mind that voids of coarse aggregates are filled up by sand and voids of fine aggregates are filled up by cement. The concrete mix of 1: 1: 2 and 1: 11/2: 3 are mostly used for water retaining structures. The concrete mix 1: 2: 4 is most commonly used for R. C. C. construction. The mix proportion of 1: 3: 6 and 1: 4: 8 are used in lean concrete works. The concept behind the proportioning of concrete mixes is that the resulting concrete is densest and strongest with least amount of cement. Following are the methods of proportioning concrete: †¢Arbitrary Standard Method. The concept of this method is that fine aggregate should be sufficient in the mix to fill the voids of coarse aggregate and quantity of cement is just sufficient to fill the voids of the fine aggregate. By experiments and experience, it is seen that ratio of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate to develop a dense mix lies between 1: 11/2 and 1: 21/2. Similarly, amount of cement, required to fill the voids of fine aggregate is ascertained. Based on experience and experiments, it is possible to fix arbitrary ratios of cement, F. A. and C. A. in forms of 1: n: 2n. †¢Minimum Voids Method. In this method of proportioning, the voids in F. A. and C. A. are found out the separately with the help of graduated cylinder and water. After finding the voids, cement and F. A. are so proportioned that they are slightly more in volume than the voids in F. A. and C. A. , respectively. Cement is normally taken 10% more and F. A. about 15% more than the percentage of voids in F. A. and C. A. Sufficient water is added to the mix, so obtained to make the mix workable. This method does not give satisfactory results because presence of water, in sand and cement separates the constituents of coarse aggregate, thereby increasing the voids. In this method of proportioning no consideration is given to the grading of the aggregate which is very important concept in concrete technology. Hence, concrete designed by this method does not give the highest strength. †¢W/c Ratio. W/c ratio law states that the strength of well compacted concrete with good workabity is dependent only on w/c ratio. In addition to other factors like grading and proportioning of aggregates, proportion of cement, the workability of concrete also depends upon the quantity of water used in the mixture. ? How to cite Proportioning of Concrete Ingredients and Mixes, Papers Proportioning of Concrete Ingredients and Mixes Free Essays Ingredients for concrete are cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. The best concrete can be obtained by mixing the ingredients in correct proportions. The ideal proportion of concrete will be that, which produces greatest strength and solidity at the least cost. We will write a custom essay sample on Proportioning of Concrete Ingredients and Mixes or any similar topic only for you Order Now In estimating the quantities of ingredients for cement concrete it should keep in mind that voids of coarse aggregates are filled up by sand and voids of fine aggregates are filled up by cement. The concrete mix of 1: 1: 2 and 1: 11/2: 3 are mostly used for water retaining structures. The concrete mix 1: 2: 4 is most commonly used for R. C. C. construction. The mix proportion of 1: 3: 6 and 1: 4: 8 are used in lean concrete works. The concept behind the proportioning of concrete mixes is that the resulting concrete is densest and strongest with least amount of cement. Following are the methods of proportioning concrete: †¢Arbitrary Standard Method. The concept of this method is that fine aggregate should be sufficient in the mix to fill the voids of coarse aggregate and quantity of cement is just sufficient to fill the voids of the fine aggregate. By experiments and experience, it is seen that ratio of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate to develop a dense mix lies between 1: 11/2 and 1: 21/2. Similarly, amount of cement, required to fill the voids of fine aggregate is ascertained. Based on experience and experiments, it is possible to fix arbitrary ratios of cement, F. A. and C. A. in forms of 1: n: 2n. †¢Minimum Voids Method. In this method of proportioning, the voids in F. A. and C. A. are found out the separately with the help of graduated cylinder and water. After finding the voids, cement and F. A. are so proportioned that they are slightly more in volume than the voids in F. A. and C. A. , respectively. Cement is normally taken 10% more and F. A. about 15% more than the percentage of voids in F. A. and C. A. Sufficient water is added to the mix, so obtained to make the mix workable. This method does not give satisfactory results because presence of water, in sand and cement separates the constituents of coarse aggregate, thereby increasing the voids. In this method of proportioning no consideration is given to the grading of the aggregate which is very important concept in concrete technology. Hence, concrete designed by this method does not give the highest strength. †¢W/c Ratio. W/c ratio law states that the strength of well compacted concrete with good workabity is dependent only on w/c ratio. In addition to other factors like grading and proportioning of aggregates, proportion of cement, the workability of concrete also depends upon the quantity of water used in the mixture. ? How to cite Proportioning of Concrete Ingredients and Mixes, Essay examples