Time As A Determinate Of Final Product In A Dehydration Reaction Essay Example For Students

Personal Letter to Toronto Mayor Rob Ford Essay

Individual Letter to Toronto Mayor Rob Ford - Essay Example First we have to comprehend the significance of environmental change. â€Å"Climate change is the warming of the earth’s air brought about by human-created outflows of ozone depleting substances, the biggest patrons being carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane† (International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives report, 1995; as refered to in Berman, 1997). There is a continuous increment in temperatures, examples of precipitation and snow are moving, and other serious climatic occasions are happening, for example, expanded dry seasons and tempests. These occasions have contrarily influenced the environment, climate, day off, and society. Albeit, regular occasions add to environmental change, they are not the essential driver. Studies led by researchers learn that these exceptional changes in the atmosphere are related with the ascent of nurseries gases in the climate. These gases in the climate are because of human exercises, for example, consuming of petroleum derivatives. The frameworks human utilize every day like cooling and warming frameworks, power generators, modern procedures and engine vehicles all contribute altogether to outflow of the ozone depleting substances. The ozone depleting substances trap heat, and keep it from getting away out of the climate in this way, raise the worldwide temperatures. Environmental change is by all accounts a persistent procedure, and will be there later on. As people keep transmitting progressively ozone harming substances, the future will unquestionably encounter increasingly climatic changes. Environmental change will contrarily influence the whole world by adversely changing the economy, nature and the soundness of individuals. The world has a commitment to plan well, in envisioning a portion of the environmental change impacts. This will profit the whole human race (EPA, 2014). Sun oriented vitality and sea flows varieties influence the atmosphere. All things considered, they don't adequately clarify the ascent of

The Broke Persons Guide to Moving

The Broke Person’s Guide to Moving The Broke Person’s Guide to Moving The Broke Person’s Guide to MovingIf your plan for a low-cost move revolves entirely around asking friends and family members to pitch in, think again.Do you have an upcoming move to plan for? You are not alone. An estimated 40 million people move each year in the United States and a whopping 80 percent of those moves happen April through September, with the summer months being the busiest.Whether you are hiring movers or enlisting friends and family to help, moving can be expensiveâ€"and the more you have to move and the longer distance you have to move, the more the cost goes up. Think about it: You may have to hire professionals, rent a truck, pay for storage and then  there are the things you may not think about, like utility connection fees, buying replacements, and more.It’s estimated that moving a one-bedroom apartment, for example, may cost between $200 and $500 while moving a four bedroom house may cost $800 to upwards of $2,000!For those of us living on a budget, movin g expenses can seem like a hardshipâ€"especially when you are forced to do so, like when your landlord suddenly decides to sell your rented apartment as condos. That’s why we’ve gathered some advice for keeping those costs as low as possible.Do not pay for boxes.Sure, you can pay for moving boxes, but why would you want to? “There are free boxes to be had,” says professional organizer Felice Cohen (@FeliceCohen). Ask friends. Ask family. Ask stores, says Cohen. They will often give you boxes for free since they are usually headed for the recycle bin anyway. Furniture stores, book stores, and other places that deal in heavy items are good bets. “Avoid liquor stores as some boxes may have gotten wet and may attract bugs,” says Cohen. “Food stores are okay, but check the boxes” to make sure they are not soiled.Also, even if you are paying movers, try packing those boxes yourself. “The more you can have packed before the movers arrive the more time and money youll save ,” says Cohen.However, if you decide to pack up boxes yourself, be sure you are meeting the professional movers’ expectations. Packing fees are one of the top three areas of additional expense that Ryan Carrigan, co-founder of moveBuddha (@movebuddha), sees when consulting with people who are moving.“If you plan on prepping and packing fragile items like flat-screen TVs or glass table tops, make sure you meet the movers packing standards,” says Carrigan. “We often see people pack these items improperly only to be charged a lot in packing fees when the movers have to repack them on moving day. Always ask the moving company about packing requirements.”It’s also a good idea to start packing early. Taking time off from work, especially for hourly employees, to pack means you are losing money. The solution? “Pack during the evenings and move during the weekend,” says T. J. Peterson of Oz Moving Storage  (@ozmovingnyc). Limiting yourself to the evening hours means packi ng may take much longer than doing it all at once, so give yourself plenty of time before the big move.Weigh the cost of a DIY move.The classic cost-saving moving tip is enlisting friends and family. This is more easily done with shorter moves. But don’t be afraid to use your network. If you don’t have one yourself, chances are, someone you know has a pick-up truck or vehicle with a hitchâ€"necessary for cheaper self-haul trailers.If you can’t find a pick-up truck, consider looking into services such as Phlatbed, which is an app that allows hundreds of local vetted and background-checked drivers to bid on your job.However, it is important to consider the potential costs of not hiring professional movers. “Cutting costs can have a high price,” says Peterson. “If an item breaks, or god forbid a bone breaks, as a result of amateurs trying to handle a move themselves, it can create additional unforeseen costs.”Before deciding to DIY, it’s worth looking into professional movers in your area and collecting quotes. Get at least three quotes, and be sure to ask which factors affect the quote the most to see if you can reduce it.It’s also worth noting that if you decide to rent a small moving truck and drive it yourself, you should be honest with yourself about your abilities. Driving a moving truckâ€"or even towing a trailerâ€"is not exactly like driving a standard vehicle. Traffic violations or an accident on the road could end up costing you more than you bargained for.Additionally, while you may not have to pay friends and family an hourly rate to help you move, there are still costs associated with a DIY move, such as food and drink, gas, and truck and trailer rentals. Be sure to count all those up as you compare the cost of DIY to a professional move.Get rid of stuff.“Before you pack a single item, make sure you really want/love/need it,” says Cohen. “Remember, everything you take will have to be boxed, carried out, driven, carried into th e new place and unpacked. Is everything worth all that time and money?”Chances are, a lot of stuff is not. Now is the time to clean out your closets, cupboards, and attics. Clothes that you haven’t worn in years? Donate them. Spices that have since expired? Toss them. That pile of old electronics and cords? Find a local place to recycle them.Pay particular attention to heavy and/or large items, like books and furniture. Unless you have precious family heirlooms, big items like couches, dressers, and other types of furniture may be more trouble to move than they are worthâ€"especially if you are moving a great distance or are trying to get the move done with just the help of friends and family. Furniture can often be replaced easily and affordably on the second-hand market.Try selling unwanted pieces before you move, either at an old-fashioned yard sale, to used furniture stores, or on online marketplaces such as Craigslist, Letgo, and Facebook. If you cannot sell them, donate th em to organizations and charities that resell second-hand items. Sometimes, local organizations will even pick up your items for you.But don’t get rid of everything!There are some things that seem like trash until you consider their replacement cost. Cleaning supplies, for example, even when they are partially used. “Keep almost empty cleaning supplies,” says Cohen. “These supplies are expensive so dont let them go to waste. Keep in their own box and use them to clean the home youre leaving/and to use in the new place.”Moving can be expensive, but you shouldnt let it drive you deep into debt and leave you stuck relying on short-term  bad credit loans  and  no credit check loans  (like  payday loans,  cash advances, and  title loans  to make ends meet. To learn more about saving money on everyday expenses, check out  these other posts and articles from OppLoans:The Broke Person’s Guide to Hanging With FriendsSave a Few Bucks on Fido with These DIY Pet ToysReusable Purchas es That Will Save You Money in the Long RunCar Maintenance Tips That Will Save You Money Down the RoadDo you have a personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |InstagramContributorsRyan Carrigan is the Co-Founder of  moveBuddha (@movebuddha)â€"the fastest and easiest way to plan a move online. With over a decade of moving experience, Ryan has helped thousands of people successfully complete local and long-distance moves.Felice Cohen (@FeliceCohen), author of What Papa Told Me,  a memoir about her grandfather’s life before, during and after the Holocaust, has sold over 30,000 copies worldwide and was endorsed by Elie Wiesel. Her newest book, 90 Lessons for Living Large in 90 Square Feet (or More)”  came about after a YouTube video of her 90 sq’ NYC studio went viral.  90 Lessons  is a want-to guide motivating others to “live large” in any sized space. Felice has been a professional organizer for over 20 years .T.J. Peterson is   Digital Marketing Manager for  Oz Moving Storage  (@ozmovingnyc) in New York.

Definitions and Examples of Argument in Rhetoric

In rhetoric, an argument is a course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating truth or falsehood. In composition, argument is one of the traditional modes of discourse. Adjective: argumentative. The Use of Argument in Rhetoric Daniel J. OKeefe, a professor of communication and persuasion theory, has distinguished two senses of argument. Put simply, Argument1, the first sense, is a thing people make, as when an editorialist argues that some public policy is wrong. Argument2 is a kind of interaction people have, as when two friends argue about where to have lunch. So argument1 comes close to the ancient rhetorical notion of argument, while argument2 legitimates the modern interactional research (quoted by Dale Hample in A Third Perspective on Argument. Philosophy and Rhetoric, 1985). Rhetorical Argument and Context An argument field  is a subdivision of rhetorical argument as determined by context or subject matter. (See  Toulmin Model.) (For the specialized use of this term in language studies, see Argument [Linguistics].) Robert Benchley on Arguments Most of the arguments to which I am party fall somewhat short of being impressive, owing to the fact that neither I nor my opponent knows what we are talking about. (Robert Benchley) Kinds of Arguments Argument, in its most basic form, can be described as a claim (the arguers position on a controversial issue) which is supported by reasons and evidence to make the claim convincing to an audience. All of the forms of argument described below include these components. Debate, with participants on both sides trying to win.Courtroom argument, with lawyers pleading before a judge and jury.Dialectic, with people taking opposing views and finally resolving the conflict.Single-perspective argument, with one person arguing to convince a mass audience.One-on-one everyday argument, with one person trying to convince another.Academic inquiry, with one or more people examining a complicated issue.Negotiation, with two or more people working to reach consensus.Internal argument, or working to convince yourself. (Nancy C. Wood, Perspectives on Argument. Pearson, 2004) General Rules for Composing a Short Argument 1. Distinguish premises and conclusion2. Present your ideas in natural order3. Start from reliable premises4. Be concrete and concise5. Avoid loaded language6. Use consistent terms7. Stick to one meaning for each term​  (Adapted from A Rulebook for Arguments, 3rd ed., by Anthony Weston. Hackett, 2000) Adapting Arguments to an Audience The goals of clarity, propriety, and persuasiveness dictate that we adapt our arguments, as well as the language in which they are cast, to an audience. Even a well-constructed argument may fail to convince if it is not adapted to your actual audience.(James A. Herrick, Argumentation: Understanding and Shaping Arguments, 3rd ed. Strata, 2007) The Lighter Side of Argument: The Argument Clinic Patron: I came here for a good argument.Sparring Partner: No, you didnt. You came here for an argument.Patron: Well, an argument is not the same as contradiction.Sparring Partner: Can be . . .Patron: No, it cant. An argument is a connected series of statements to establish a definite proposition.Sparring Partner: No it isnt.Patron: Yes it is. It isnt just contradiction.Sparring Partner: Look, if I argue with you, I must take up a contrary position.Patron: But it isnt just saying no it isnt.Sparring Partner: Yes it is.Patron: No it isnt! An argument is an intellectual process. Contradiction is just the automatic gain-saying of anything the other person says.Sparring Partner: No it isnt. (Michael Palin and John Cleese in The Argument Clinic. Monty Pythons Flying Circus, 1972) EtymologyFrom the Latin, to make clear Pronunciation: ARE-gyu-ment

Questions On Organizational Culture And Change - 1420 Words

Table of contents: 1.1: Compare different management styles 1.2: Discuss leadership characteristics 1.3 Evaluate communication processes in selected business 1.4: Analyse organisational culture and change in selected business 2.1: Assess own management skills performance 2.2: Analyse personal strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats 2.3: Set and prioritise objectives and targets to develop own potential 4.1 Explain how own managerial and personal skills will support career development 4.2 Review career and personal development needs, current performance and future needs to produce development plan Introduction: According to the travel and tourism management, the developing manager is very Important. A particularly big or†¦show more content†¦1.2: Discuss leadership characteristics. Autocratic: In this method of management, the manager becomes the main decision maker. the director won t think about the subordinates and their involution in choice making. Accordingly, the choices reflect the identity, phrenic originations and presumptions of the administrator. The decision does not reflect the team s collective opinion. In some cases, this style of management can move a business towards its goals rapidly and can fight through a challenging state. If the manager has a great personality, experience and exposure, the decisions made by him or her could be more preponderant than collective decision making. On the other hand, subordinates may become dependent upon the manager s decisions and may require exhaustive supervision. There are two types of autocratic managers: Directive autocrat. This type of managers make their decisions alone and supervise the subordinates proximately. Permissive autocrat. This type of managers make their decisions alone, but sanctions subordinates to liberating execute the decisions. Democratic: In this method of management, the supervisor is interested in other businesses assessments and respects their commitment into the choice making

Proportioning of Concrete Ingredients and Mixes Free Essays

Ingredients for concrete are cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. The best concrete can be obtained by mixing the ingredients in correct proportions. The ideal proportion of concrete will be that, which produces greatest strength and solidity at the least cost. We will write a custom essay sample on Proportioning of Concrete Ingredients and Mixes or any similar topic only for you Order Now In estimating the quantities of ingredients for cement concrete it should keep in mind that voids of coarse aggregates are filled up by sand and voids of fine aggregates are filled up by cement. The concrete mix of 1: 1: 2 and 1: 11/2: 3 are mostly used for water retaining structures. The concrete mix 1: 2: 4 is most commonly used for R. C. C. construction. The mix proportion of 1: 3: 6 and 1: 4: 8 are used in lean concrete works. The concept behind the proportioning of concrete mixes is that the resulting concrete is densest and strongest with least amount of cement. Following are the methods of proportioning concrete: †¢Arbitrary Standard Method. The concept of this method is that fine aggregate should be sufficient in the mix to fill the voids of coarse aggregate and quantity of cement is just sufficient to fill the voids of the fine aggregate. By experiments and experience, it is seen that ratio of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate to develop a dense mix lies between 1: 11/2 and 1: 21/2. Similarly, amount of cement, required to fill the voids of fine aggregate is ascertained. Based on experience and experiments, it is possible to fix arbitrary ratios of cement, F. A. and C. A. in forms of 1: n: 2n. †¢Minimum Voids Method. In this method of proportioning, the voids in F. A. and C. A. are found out the separately with the help of graduated cylinder and water. After finding the voids, cement and F. A. are so proportioned that they are slightly more in volume than the voids in F. A. and C. A. , respectively. Cement is normally taken 10% more and F. A. about 15% more than the percentage of voids in F. A. and C. A. Sufficient water is added to the mix, so obtained to make the mix workable. This method does not give satisfactory results because presence of water, in sand and cement separates the constituents of coarse aggregate, thereby increasing the voids. In this method of proportioning no consideration is given to the grading of the aggregate which is very important concept in concrete technology. Hence, concrete designed by this method does not give the highest strength. †¢W/c Ratio. W/c ratio law states that the strength of well compacted concrete with good workabity is dependent only on w/c ratio. In addition to other factors like grading and proportioning of aggregates, proportion of cement, the workability of concrete also depends upon the quantity of water used in the mixture. ? How to cite Proportioning of Concrete Ingredients and Mixes, Papers Proportioning of Concrete Ingredients and Mixes Free Essays Ingredients for concrete are cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. The best concrete can be obtained by mixing the ingredients in correct proportions. The ideal proportion of concrete will be that, which produces greatest strength and solidity at the least cost. We will write a custom essay sample on Proportioning of Concrete Ingredients and Mixes or any similar topic only for you Order Now In estimating the quantities of ingredients for cement concrete it should keep in mind that voids of coarse aggregates are filled up by sand and voids of fine aggregates are filled up by cement. The concrete mix of 1: 1: 2 and 1: 11/2: 3 are mostly used for water retaining structures. The concrete mix 1: 2: 4 is most commonly used for R. C. C. construction. The mix proportion of 1: 3: 6 and 1: 4: 8 are used in lean concrete works. The concept behind the proportioning of concrete mixes is that the resulting concrete is densest and strongest with least amount of cement. Following are the methods of proportioning concrete: †¢Arbitrary Standard Method. The concept of this method is that fine aggregate should be sufficient in the mix to fill the voids of coarse aggregate and quantity of cement is just sufficient to fill the voids of the fine aggregate. By experiments and experience, it is seen that ratio of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate to develop a dense mix lies between 1: 11/2 and 1: 21/2. Similarly, amount of cement, required to fill the voids of fine aggregate is ascertained. Based on experience and experiments, it is possible to fix arbitrary ratios of cement, F. A. and C. A. in forms of 1: n: 2n. †¢Minimum Voids Method. In this method of proportioning, the voids in F. A. and C. A. are found out the separately with the help of graduated cylinder and water. After finding the voids, cement and F. A. are so proportioned that they are slightly more in volume than the voids in F. A. and C. A. , respectively. Cement is normally taken 10% more and F. A. about 15% more than the percentage of voids in F. A. and C. A. Sufficient water is added to the mix, so obtained to make the mix workable. This method does not give satisfactory results because presence of water, in sand and cement separates the constituents of coarse aggregate, thereby increasing the voids. In this method of proportioning no consideration is given to the grading of the aggregate which is very important concept in concrete technology. Hence, concrete designed by this method does not give the highest strength. †¢W/c Ratio. W/c ratio law states that the strength of well compacted concrete with good workabity is dependent only on w/c ratio. In addition to other factors like grading and proportioning of aggregates, proportion of cement, the workability of concrete also depends upon the quantity of water used in the mixture. ? How to cite Proportioning of Concrete Ingredients and Mixes, Essay examples

Pastoral Convention in Poetry free essay sample

A research paper on the use of pastoral convention in poetry. This paper on the pastoral convention in poetry describes the historical roots of the convention and its development. It shows that pastoral poetry is more than a mere convention and many works pertaining to the convention are of a high literary merit with social, political and personal thoughts evident in the work that can only be truly appreciated if they are examined in detail beyond the face value. The paper uses examples of poems that may be seemingly relatively simple with the themes of the convention have a deeper meaning that depends on the readers interpretation. Pastoral Poetry is a literary work dealing with the lives of shepherds or rural life in general. It typically draws a contrast between the innocence and serenity of simple country life and the misery and corruption of the city, especially court life. The Pastoral imitates rural life, usually the life of an imaginary Golden Age, in which the loves of shepherds and shepherdesses play a prominent part. We will write a custom essay sample on Pastoral Convention in Poetry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The term today loosely pertains to poetry that contains a reference to rural life.

Stephen Kings All That You Love Will Be Carried Away

Stephen Kings All That You Love Will Be Carried Away Free Online Research Papers Stephen King’s â€Å"All That You Love Will Be Carried Away† is about a frozen food salesman Alfie Zimmer, who has to decide to either change his life and write a book or end his life by his own hand. He wants to write about his collection of sayings he has written down during his traveling. King’s ending of the story is obscure, and I want to prove that Alfie has too much to live for and that he is too committed to his notebook to end his own life. Alfie Zimmer makes money for his family by selling gourmet foods from the trunk of his car. However he is intrigued by the graffiti that litters the walls of rest stops and truck stops that he has encountered on his monotonous sales route. Alfie feels that writing a book about the sayings would be too hard of a change in his life and decides to commit suicide instead. Alfie chooses Room 190 at the Motel 6 in Lincoln, Nebraska to end his life. When he enters the room and sits on the bed â€Å"he reached for the telephone then remembered his notebook† (83). Alfie is intrigued by the old spiral notebook; it was more than a hobby now â€Å"(he) had been carrying this notebook, for almost seven years†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (83), it now was his work, his life. Alfie eats, drinks, and lives for the graffiti on the walls. He even analyzes it to make sure it is fit for his book, â€Å"â€Å"Poopie Doopie you so loopy (Papillion Neb)† Something about the â€Å"-ie –ie† and then, boom you got â€Å"y†Ã¢â‚¬  (84). Alfie thinks about the English Classes he wants to take to learn about the rules of writing. Although Alfie has decided to end his life that day, he says â€Å"Time to record today’s finds† (84) because it is his routine and his fun in life. As Alfie flips to an open page he thinks â€Å"Now two in one day. Two on the last day. Like some sort of omen† (84) it’s like he is searching for an excuse or answer not to take his life. Alfie also thinks of his family and calls them twice to remind them about errands and appointments tells them, he loves them for the first time in five years, hangs up the phone and inserts the fully loaded gun into his mouth. He pauses to think of his own graffiti about his death, â€Å"Here I sit, about to cool it, my plan to eat a fuckin’ bool it’. He grinned around the barrel. That was terrible. He never would have written that down in his book† (86). I also believe he knows that suicide is not written in his book of life. Alfie knows that by writing the book, it would change his life, he may be reje cted or accepted and he is not sure it is worth it. Alfie â€Å"had thought of writing a book, just a little one† (85) he just felt that society would not get the humor that he did out of the poetry. While sitting on the bed writing his daily finds â€Å"he put the pen back in his pocket wondering why he or anyone would continue anything this close to ending everything† (84). He cannot control his intrigue with the notebook, he compares it to â€Å"just†¦well†¦breathing he said, and smiled.† (84). When Alfie had called his family and recorded his notebook entries, he thought he was ready to do the â€Å"end† deed but then â€Å"he frowned and put the gun down. The book was open to the last four entries† (86) the notebook once again stopped him from shooting his brains out. He thought of what the police would think. Finding a dead man with a notebook of crazy sayings â€Å"he was not crazy, and the things he had written here over the years weren’t crazy, either† (86). So Alfie thinks of ways to destroy or hide the notebook He decides to flush it down the toilet, but makes the excuse that it would clog the toilet but he also thinks â€Å"besides, the notebook had been with him so long†¦He hated the idea of flushing it away† (87). He keeps thinking of the notebook, he is very compulsive about his findings â€Å"he loved the stuff in the notebook† (87). Alfie realizes that without him â€Å"the notebook might be a real embarrassment once he was dead† (87) and he just can’t come to destroy the notebook. Alfie still feels the need to commit suicide but â€Å"there was no need to destroy it (notebook) after all† (89). So he goes out into the blustery January day and throw the notebook into the farmer’s field â€Å"Alfie drew the book back to throw it, then lowered his arm. He hated to let it go, that was the truth of it† (89). He was not ready for the future, but with his book in hand, he felt alive. With notebook in hand he made himself a deal, â€Å"if the spark lights of the farmhouse reappeared at anytime during the count, he would try to write the book† (89). Alfie once more intrigued by his collections, he thinks about the book, what it should contain, the des criptions, noises, and smells of the rest stop restrooms and truck stops. Alfie had already thought of a title for the book, he was just scared that the book would be rejected by society and he would be laughed at. As â€Å"Alfie stood there counting inside his head waiting to see if the wind would drop† (89) however I believe that Alfies own spark lights came on because he realized the book is his life, his life that would be filled with fun and enjoyment. I also think he knows he can’t kill â€Å"Alfie the Salesman† because it would kill â€Å"Alfie the Writer† and â€Å"Alfie the Dad†. The notebook is Alfie’s life if he cannot destroy the notebook, he cannot destroy himself. Research Papers on Stephen King’s â€Å"All That You Love Will Be Carried Away"Book Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Trailblazing by Eric AndersonEffects of Television Violence on Children19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCapital PunishmentMind Travel

History of the Iron Lung or Respirator

History of the Iron Lung or Respirator By definition, the iron lung is an airtight metal tank that encloses all of the body except the head and forces the lungs to inhale and exhale through regulated changes in air pressure. According to Robert Hall author of History of the British Iron Lung, the first scientist to appreciate the mechanics of respiration was John Mayow. John Mayow In 1670, John Mayow demonstrated that air is drawn into the lungs by enlarging the thoracic cavity. He built a model using bellows inside which was inserted a bladder. Expanding the bellows caused air to fill the bladder and compressing the bellows expelled air from the bladder. This was the principle of artificial respiration called external negative pressure ventilation or ENPV that would lead to the invention of the iron lung and other respirators. Iron Lung Respirator - Philip Drinker The first modern and practical respirator nicknamed the iron lung was invented by Harvard medical researchers Philip Drinker and Louis Agassiz Shaw in 1927. The inventors used an iron box and two vacuum cleaners to build their prototype respirator. Almost the length of a subcompact car, the iron lung exerted a push-pull motion on the chest. In 1927, the first iron lung was installed at Bellevue hospital in New York City. The first patients of the iron lung were polio sufferers with chest paralysis. Later, John Emerson improved upon Philip Drinker’s invention and invented an iron lung that cost half as much to manufacture.

Math Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Math - Assignment Example To start with, one needs to be able to organize and count their money; this comprises of knowledge of subtraction, division and multiplication. In everyday activities we visit supermarkets and buy items, in case we are not equipped with the knowledge of mathematics, we would not be able to recognize we receive the right change from the shop attendance. Even those individuals having mathematics related phobias cannot seepage the everyday encounters of mathematics in their lives. This is because mathematics ranges from: school, home and workplaces. Traveling involves covering of distances, almost each and every person moves from one place to another in everyday life. It is thus prudent to put into consideration the means of transport one will choose to reach the desired destination. If the individual chooses to use their own private means then, he or she will consider the miles-per-gallon of fuel that the car will consume for trips. In the event that one is faced by obstructions along the way or are forced to take detours. Analysis of available means of transport is done and then the transport means is choosen.The means of transport chosen is achieved at after analyzing the available means of transport. One will evaluate the conformability, time saving and cost of each means of transport before coming to the means of transport to use. Those traveling by air are required to know departure times and arrival schedules of a particular freight. When travelling by mode of air, the weight of luggage is critical and must be considered . Thus those who travel by air may want to risk some substantial baggage surcharges. Individuals buy items from various stores every day. Every noble person puts into consideration the terms of sale being offered by the seller in order to receive the most favorable deal. Trade discounts make be offered in various ways such as; cash discounts where one is either

The roles of bias, Context, and the researcher in Qualitative Research Assignment

The roles of bias, Context, and the researcher in Qualitative Research - Assignment Example Ensuring the integrity of the research data is one of the primary priorities of every researcher. Consequently as a researcher carries out a qualitative research undertaking, it is important to understand the potential impacts of external factors such as environment, context, personal bias as well as the role of the researcher on the integrity of the research data. For example, in a qualitative research, bias often the reliability, validity of the findings by distorting the truth or skewing the collected qualitative data. On the other hand, the researcher is also considered an important instrument in a qualitative research and some of the roles of a researcher include gathering data as well as interacting and collaborating with the participants in the research (Brown, 1996). This paper describes the results of my personal observation of a photograph in correlation to the roles of context, bias and the research during a qualitative research study. Description of the results The results of my observation suggested that the photo requires a qualitative analysis to capture all the required qualitative data and any non-numerical information that a company can use in performance analysis. The use of qualitative data to support businesses in decision-making provides a business with the detailed picture of the performance of individuals. The use of qualitative research by Health Plus creates openness in the organization (Creswell, 1994).

Napster :: essays research papers

As I sat in front of my computer downloading my favorite song from Napster, I started to think about how hard it must have been to write a song so sublime with the way the words flow from one another, and how talented one must be to do so. I started to think how hard people work on their music for themselves and their fans, and how their fans don’t realize what they are doing every time they download a song off the internet. What they don’t realize is that it is messing over the people who worked so hard pouring out their heart and soul into their music for everyone to enjoy. They are the people who are responsible for the music, not the people who work at Napster, or any of the other shafting music networks, who are embezzling from the people we all admire for the way they can flow out those heartwarming words. These words move us to the point that we want to cry, and sometimes do. These words we listen to when we want to go off into our own little world, and think ab out an extraordinary moment we once had that makes our sorrows disappear. These words remind us of a passed loved one who was once forgotten, and never to be again. They are the people who put their heart and soul into their music; these are people we use so selfishly and don’t even realize how much blood sweat and tears they shed just to put out quality words. They are the people we take for granted, and they are the people who sometimes take us, their fans, for granted as well, they are the artists themselves. File sharing is what it is thought as, but I don’t see it that way. I see it as theft, music theft; most commonly know as shafting. Every day people use shafting and think nothing of it. People sit in front of their computers and go to their favorite website and download file after file with out thinking how or where it comes from. They think it is just there for the taking and it is. Shafting is a trend that has just begun, but only time will tell how far it w ill go.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shafting has gone further then anyone would have ever imagined, one man and his website Napster are responsible for all of this; Napster has not only changed the music industry forever; it has also changed American culture forever.

Enron Corporation Essay

Enron Corporation began as a small natural gas distributor and, over the course of 15 years, grew to become the seventh largest company in the United States. Soon after the federal deregulation of natural gas pipelines in 1985, Enron was born by the merging of Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth, a Nebraska pipeline company. Initially, Enron was merely involved in the distribution of gas, but it later became a market maker in facilitating the buying and selling of futures of natural gas, electricity, broadband, and other products. However, Enron’s continuous growth eventually came to an end as a complicated financial statement, fraud, and multiple scandals sent Enron through a downward spiral to bankruptcy. During the 1980s, several major national energy corporations began lobbying Washington to deregulate the energy business. Their claim was that the extra competition resulting from a deregulated market would benefit both businesses and consumers. Consequently, the national government began to lift controls on who was allowed to produce energy and how it was marketed and sold. However, as competition in the energy market increased, gas and energy prices began to fluctuate greatly. Over time, Enron incurred massive debts and no longer had exclusive rights to its pipelines. It needed some new and innovative business strategies. Kenneth Lay, chairman and CEO, hired the consulting firm McKinsey & Company to assist in developing a new plan to help Enron get back on its feet. Jeffrey Skilling, a young McKinsey consultant who had a background in banking and asset and liability management, was assigned to work with Enron. He recommended that Enron create a gas bank to buy and sell gas. Skilling, who later became chief executive at Enron, recognized that Enron could capitalize on the fluctuating gas prices by acting as an intermediary and creating a futures market for buyers and sellers of gas; it would buy and sell gas to be used tomorrow at a stable price today. Although brilliantly successful in theory, Skilling’s gas bank idea faced a major problem. The natural gas producers who agreed to supply Enron’s gas bank desperately needed cash and required cash as payment for their products. Enron also had insufficient cash levels. Therefore, management decided to team up with banks and other financial institutions, establishing partnerships that would provide the cash needed to complete the transactions with Enron’s suppliers. Under the direction of Andrew Fastow, a newly hired financial genius, Enron also created several special-purpose entities (SPEs), which served as the vehicles through which money was funneled from the banks to the gas suppliers, thus keeping these transactions off Enron’s books. As Enron’s business became more and more complicated, its vulnerability to fraud and eventual disaster also grew. Initially, the newly formed partnerships and SPEs worked to Enron’s advantage. Yet in the end , it was the creation of these SPEs that culminated in Enron’s death. Within just a few years of instituting its gas bank and the complicated financing system, Enron grew rapidly, controlling a large part of the U.S. energy market. At one point, it controlled as much as a quarter of all of the nation’s gas business. It also began expanding to create markets for other types of products, including electricity, crude oil, coal, plastics, weather derivatives, and broadband. In addition, Enron continued to expand its trading business and, with the introduction of Enron Online in the late 1990s, it became one of the largest trading companies on Wall Street, at one time generating 90% of its income through trades. Enron soon had more contracts than any of its competitors and, with market dominance, could predict future prices with great accuracy, thereby guaranteeing superior profits. To continue enhanced growth and dominance, Enron began hiring the best and brightest traders. However, Enron was just as quick in firing its employees as it was in hiring new ones. Management created the Performance Review Committee (PRC), which became known as the harshest employee ranking system in the country. Its method of evaluating employee performance was nicknamed â€Å"rank and yank† by Enron employees. Every 6 months, employees were ranked on a scale of 1–5. Those ranked in the lowest category (1) were immediately yanked (fired) from their position and replaced by new recruits. Surprisingly, during each employee review, management required that at least 15% of all the employees ranked were given a 1 and therefore yanked from their position and income. The employees ranked with a 2 or 3 were also given notice that they were liable to be released in the near future. These ruthless performance reviews created fierce internal competition between fellow employees w ho faced a strict ultimatum; perform or be replaced. Furthermore, it created a work environment where employees were unable to express opinions or valid concerns for fear of a low ranking score by their superiors. With so much pressure to succeed and maintain its position as the global energy market leader, Enron began to jeopardize its integrity by committing fraud. The SPEs, which originally were used for good business purposes, were now used illegally to hide bad investments, poorly performing assets, and debt; to manipulate cash flows; and eventually, to report more than $1 billion of false income. The following are examples of how specific SPEs were used fraudulently. Chewco: In 1993, Enron and the California Public Employees Retirement System (CalPERS) formed a 50/50 partnership called Joint Energy Development Investments Limited (JEDI). In 1997, Enron’s Andrew Fastow established the Chewco SPE, which was designed to repurchase CalPERS’s share of equity in JEDI at a large profit. However, Chewco crossed the bounds of legality in two ways. First, it broke the 3% equity rule, which allowed corporations such as Enron to not consolidate if outsiders contributed even 3% of the capital, but the other 97% could come from the company. When Chewco bought out JEDI, however, half of the $11.4 million that bought the 3% equity involved cash collateral provided by Enron—meaning that only 1.5% was owned by outsiders. Therefore, the debts and losses incurred at Chewco were not listed where they belonged, on Enron’s financial reports, but remained only on Chewco’s separate financial records. Second, because Fastow was an Enron officer, he was, therefore, unauthorized to personally run Chewco without direct approval from Enron’s board of directors and public disclosure with the SEC. In an effort to secretly bypass these restrictions, Fastow appointed one of his subordinates, Michael Kopper, to run Chewco, under Fastow’s close supervision and influence. Fastow continually applied pressure to Kopper to prevent Enron from getting the best possible deals from Chewco and, therefore, giving Michael Kopper huge profits. Chewco was eventually forced to consolidate its financial statements with Enron. By doing so, however, it caused large losses on Enron’s balance sheet and other financial statements. The Chewco SPE accounted for 80% (approximately $400 million) of all of Enron’s SPE restatements. Moreover, Chewco set the stage for Andrew Fastow as he continued to expand his personal profiting SPE empire. LJM 1 and 2: The LJM SPEs (LJM1 and LJM2) were two organizations sponsored by Enron that also participated heavily in fraudulent deal making. LJM1 and its successor, LJM2, were similar to the Chewco SPE in that they also broke the two important rules set forth by the SEC. First, although less than 3% of the SPE equity was owned by outside investors, LJM’s books were kept separate from Enron’s. An error in judgment by Arthur Andersen allowed LJM’s financial statements to go unconsolidated. Furthermore, Andrew Fastow (at that time CFO at Enron) was appointed to personally oversee all operations at LJM. Without the governing controls in place, fraud became inevitable. LJM1 was first created by Fastow as a result of a deal Enron made with a high-speed Internet service provider called Rhythms NetConnections. In March 1998, Enron purchased $10 million worth of shares in Rhythms and agreed to hold the shares until the end of 1999, when it was authorized to sell those shares. Rhythms released its first IPO in April 1999 and Enron’s share of Rhythms stock immediately jumped to a net worth of $300 million. Fearing that the value of the stock might drop again before they could sell it, Enron searched for an investor from whom it would purchase a put option (i.e., insurance against a falling stock price). However, because Enron had such a large share and because Rhythms was such a risky company, Enron could not find an investor at the price Enron was seeking. So, with the approval of the board of directors and a waiver of Enron’s code of conduct, Fastow created LJM1, which used Enron stock as its capital to sell the Rhythms stock put options to Enron. In effect, Enron was insuring itself against a plummeting Rhythms stock price. However, because Enron was basically insuring itself and paying Fastow and his subordinates millions of dollars to run the deal, Enron really had no insurance. With all of its actions independent of Enron’s financial records, LJM1 was able to provide a hedge against a profitable investment. LJM2 was the sequel to LJM1 and is infamous for its involvement in its four major deals known as the â€Å"Raptors.† The Raptors were deals made between Enron and LJM2, which enabled Enron to hide losses from Enron’s unprofitable investments. In total, the LJM2 hid approximately $1.1 billion worth of losses from Enron’s balance sheet. LJM1 and LJM2 were used by Enron to alter its actual financial statements and by Fastow for personal profits. Enron’s books took a hard hit when LJM finally consolidated its financial statements, a $100 million SPE restatement. In the end, Fastow pocketed millions of dollars from his involvement with the LJM SPEs. Through complicated accounting schemes, Enron was able to fool the public for a time into thinking that its profits were continually growing. The energy giant cooked its books by hiding significant liabilities and losses from bad investments and poor assets, by not recognizing declines in the value of its aging assets, by reporting more than $1 billion of false income, and by manipulating its cash flows, often during fourth quarters. However, as soon as the public became aware of Enron’s fraudulent acts, both investors and the company suffered. As investor confidence in Enron dropped because of its fraudulent deal making, so did Enron’s stock price. In just 1 year, Enron stock plummeted from a high of about $95 per share to below $1 per share. The decrease in equity made it impossible for Enron to cover its expenses and liabilities and it was forced to declare bankruptcy on December 2, 2001. Enron had been reduced from a company claiming almost $62 billion worth of asse ts to nearly nothing.

J. S Family Determination Of Health - 1191 Words

There are many factors affect our health such as income, living condition, environment, education, genetic, relationships with family and friends and supporting a child (World Health Organization, 2013). In them, many factors affect our health that which is call determination of health. In this essay, I am going to discuss Riley, J. s family determination of health which negatively affects the family and need to be solved. Jessica Riley is a seventeen years old single mother who is living with her infant Ryan, and boyfriend Casey. Casey is not the biological father of Ryan. Jessica is working as a waitress and studying Cosmology. She has to leave her study due to her pregnancy. Casey doesn’t have a constant job as well as he is alcoholic and does drugs on a regular basis. Ryan is an infant who born as a healthy child. Jessica doesn’t have time to take care of Ryan. Jessica’s mother Evelyn and other people take care of Ryan when Jessica is at work (Canadian neighb orhood, 2013). As I navigate there are many factors affect Jessica’s family, but I am going to discuss three most important determination of health which are income, substance abuse and child development how they affect negatively Jessica’s family. Social determinants of health impacts In the first place, low income has a great negative influence on Jessica’s family. Elaborating by that According to World Health Organization (2013), Income has a greater influence on our health and well-being. Lower income canShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Use of Imidazolinone Herbicides in Rice Fields1177 Words   |  5 Pagesthe imidazolinone family plus inert ingredient (30%). Its persistence in soil media may pose severe ecological and human impacts through drifting or leaching. Since dietary intake is the main route for human exposure, fish can be the main contributor to the herbicide intake in human beings. Several studies have demonstrated a clear correlation between the frequency of fish consumption and the level of contaminant in human tissues, serum and milk. In general, the determination of these herbicidesRead MoreGordons 11 Functional Health Patterns1649 Words   |  7 PagesGordons 11 Functional Health Patterns Family Health Assessment Introduction This assessment used Gordons functional health patterns to assess Mayards family. This method was developed by Marjorie Gordon back in 1987. It acts as a guide for establishing comprehensive nursing data ADDIN EN.CITE Andrews1993318(Andrews Andrews, 1993)31831817Andrews, M.A., Andrews, J.R. . Family-centered techniques: Integrating enablement into the IFSP process. JCCD,Journal of Childhood Communication DisordersRead MoreTo Disclose or to Not Disclose: Nursing and the Ethics of Nondisclosure in the Dying Patient1305 Words   |  6 Pagesdecision. 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Physiol BehavRead MoreAutonomy in Medicine1136 Words   |  5 Pagesto self-determination as well as creating the conditions necessary for autonomous choice. Individuals come to doctors for guidance in making choices because they do not have the necessary background or information for making informed choices. Physicians educate patients so that they understand the situation adequately. They calm emotions and address fears that interfere with a patient’s ability to make decisions. They counsel patients when their choices seem to be disruptive to health and well-beingRead MoreEssay on Telepsychiatry: Improving Mental Health Possibilities1655 Words   |  7 Pagesmental disorders. Limitations to adequate mental health services including social stigma, cultural incompatibility between patients and providers, language barriers, lack of insurance and logistical barriers. In addition, significant differences in socioeconomic status, lifestyle behaviors, and access to care have resulted in health disparities between rural and urban communities (Institute of Medicine, 2004). According to Sulzbacher et al., many families who live in rural areas do not have the financialRead MoreCinderella Man American Dream1175 Words   |  5 Pagesthe â€Å"American Dream.† Cinderella Man is a story that takes place during the Great Depression, and features an ordinary man turned hero. James J. Braddock, otherwise known as the â€Å"Cinderella Man†, is first shown as a good fighter, winning a match and taking the money home to his lavish house. This takes a dramatic turn though, as by the early 1930’s James J. Braddock has hit rock bottom. Braddock wasn’t the only one however, most of Americans seemed to be down and out in the midst of the Great Depression

Charles Dickens Great Expectations - 1320 Words

What It Means to be a True Gentleman In the 19th century England, the country was divided into two classes: the rich and the poor; the rich had the luxury to live prosperous lives and not have to lift a finger to do so, while the poor had dreamed to be in their shoes as they worked constantly to make a living off of the little income they received. This essay will include the work of Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations, and the novel tells the story of Pip, a young orphan boy who lives with his sister and her husband who is a blacksmith, one day he is requested to play at Miss Havisham’s Manor and he falls in love with her daughter, Estella, who gives him the aspiration to become a gentleman to win her love. He then receives his great†¦show more content†¦In the novel, Great Expectations, when the Gargerys found out Pip was asked to come to Miss Havisham’s Manor - a rich old lady - to play, Mrs. Joe made him go to Miss Havisham’s Manor: â€Å"â⠂¬ She wants this boy to go and play there. And of course he’s going. And he better play there,† said my sister, shaking her head at me as an encouragement to be extremely light and supportive, â€Å"or i’ll work him.†Ã¢â‚¬  (Dickens 50). This quote fits in with the conventional description, because although not voiced, Mrs. Joe was very assertive on sending Pip to Miss Havisham’s Manor, because she is thinking that he’ll get paid great amounts of money for his services, and the family will become wealthy, which is a trait of a true gentleman for the conventional description. Another reason would be that Mrs. Joe, along with Miss Pumblechook believe that they will have great patronage with having Miss Havisham in their group of friends. Another tie-in from Great Expectations would be when Compeyson and Magwitch were in court and Compeyson got a reduced sentence due to being well brought up and having a better speech, other than Magwitch who had bad speech and wasn’t well brought up, â€Å"‘But, when the defence come on, then I see the plain plainer; for, says the counsellor for Compeyson, ‘ My lord and gentlemen, here you has afore you, side by side, two persons as your eyes can separate wide; one, the younger, well brought up, who will be spoke

Hamlet By William Shakespeare s Hamlet - 1936 Words

William Shakespeare s, Hamlet, written in the seventeenth century and first performed in 1602, is still a complex and intriguing play that encompasses many Jungian archetypes in relation to the setting and characters. This play was approximately four centuries old before Shakespeare reworked it for the stage. Hamlet is based on events involving the death of the King of Denmark according to the Norse legends. This paper deals with a small portion of the entirety of the events in Hamlet. Scholars continue to examine and reexamine this play. This paper does not attempt to explain the complex levels of this play or the totality of the meaning but rather to present one idea among many. Examining the characters through the filters of Doctor Carl Jung, Swiss psychiatrist, theories to explain the characters and their motivations is the goal of this analysis. Carl Jung presented the idea that within our conscious mind we have a connection to all human beings through a shared consciousness. He further states that we are unaware of this shared consciousness but people feel bonded to characters because they can identify with them through a deeper level. Lisa Schade Eckert from How Does it Mean? States, According to Jung, the individual s desire to know the self and reach into the depths of consciousness is the basis for all story telling as we instinctively try to understand this deeper nature through metaphor (1). Archetypes refer to fictional type-roles to explain the actions ofShow MoreRelatedHamlet : William Shakespeare s Hamlet1259 Words   |  6 PagesOmar Sancho Professor Christopher Cook English 201-0810 Hamlet Paper 23 May 2016 Hamlet Character Analysis â€Å"There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.†(Act 2, Scene 2, 239-251) Hamlet by William Shakespeare is one of the most famous plays written that conveys a multitude theme. But most predominant is the presence of Hamlet s obsession with philosophy of life, throughout the play Hamlet philosophy reviles his point of view love, loyalty, the importance of family and friendsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Hamlet1160 Words   |  5 PagesPart 1: Hamlet Word Count: 1000 In what ways does Shakespeare s Hamlet explore the human mind? The play Hamlet written by William Shakespeare, is seen to be an exploration of the human mind and shows the consequences our actions have when they are acted in pure impulse and emotion instead of being thought about. The character Hamlet makes majority of his decision in the heat of the moment, but had trouble deciding which action to take after intense consideration. The actions that Hamlet doesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Hamlet And The Ghost Essay1550 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough written over 400 hundred years ago, Hamlet remains a puzzling and complex play, partially due to the ambiguous Queen Gertrude. The Queen is a puzzling character as her motives are unclear and readers question her intentions throughout the play. Townsend and Pace in The Many Faces Of Gertrude: Opening And Closing Possibilities In Classroom Talk view her â€Å"as a simple-minded, shallow woman...who has no self beyond a sexual one† while Harmonie Loberg in Queen Gertrude: Monarch, Moth er, MurdererRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet Essay902 Words   |  4 PagesTo be, or not to be; that s the question† (Act III, Scene 1, P.1127) is of the most widely circulated lines. As we all know, it is also the most important part of the drama, â€Å"Hamlet†, which is one of the most famous tragedy in the literature written by William Shakespeare between from 1599 to1602. The drama was written at the age of Renaissance that reflects the reality of the British society in sixteenth century to early seventeenth century. During that period, Britain was in the era of reverseRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet 1265 Words   |  6 PagesWe have all been guilty at some point in our lives of trying to act like a conflict we ve had has not existed or been a problem at all. In William Shakespeare s Hamlet we are bombarded with characters that are avoiding conflict by acting like they don t exist. Although majority of my classmates felt Hamlet was a play about reve nge, I believe Shakespeare is addressing the issue of chaos and how it cannot be rectified by conjuring up a false reality; it only pushes the conflict into further disarrayRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet 1130 Words   |  5 PagesHoratio and Hamlet that demonstrate how he changes from the beginning to the end of the play. In the epic tragedy Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, Prince Hamlet is trapped in a world of evil that is not his fault. Hamlet’s demeanor and attitude fluctuate over the course of the play. 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As a result, his spirit is condemned to walk the earthRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet 1077 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as William Shakespeare have 4dictated their works in a way that allows for them to integrate common occurrences of new psychological findings into a text, giving them an opportunity to sculpt characters that differentiate themselves from one another. Psychoanalytical Criticism is the application of psychological studies incorporated into the findings of contemporary literature, principles founded by Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan are most commonly referred to in these texts. Hamlet is an identityRe ad MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet 2273 Words   |  10 Pages William Shakespeare was an English playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world s pre-eminent dramatist. Shakespeare is perhaps most famous for his tragedies. Most of his tragedies were written in a seven-year period between 1601 and 1608. One of these tragedies is his famous play Hamlet. The age of Shakespeare was a great time in English history. The reign of Queen Elizabeth saw England emerge as the leading naval and commercial power of theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet 1163 Words   |  5 Pages William Shakespeare was a great author, who was able to break the cast of a one-dimensional character. In his play, Hamlet, which was set in the middle ages of Denmark, he was able to represent all of the protagonist’s, Hamlet, human intricacies, creating a round character. Hamlet’s character is fascinating, due to him being complicated. He hims elf insists that he has many cognitive and logical characteristics in Act I, Scene II. We are shown this when he tells the Queen, â€Å"Seems, madam? Nay

Legalizing the Use of Drugs Free Essays

Many feel today we are losing the war on drugs. When a battle goes to the point where there is no winner, there needs to be a re-evaluation of how to solve the problem. In the case of the war against drugs, years of fighting have caused increased crime, overcrowding of prisons, and the wasted use of money and resources with no results. We will write a custom essay sample on Legalizing the Use of Drugs or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is now time to look at alternative methods to solve the nation’s drug problem. Although, legalization will increase use of the drug a majority of use will be by those who already use drugs not by new comers who might only try it once out of curiosity. Proof of this can be found in Holland when in 1970 the government legalized the use of marijuana for adults. The legalization of illicit drugs has proved that just because a drug is made legal it does not mean it will cause a rapid rise and abuse by society (Friedman). However, many supporters of continuing the prohibition of drugs believe that by legalizing drugs they will become more accessible and use will therefore increase. They base this argument on past experiments dealing with alcohol prohibition. After the end of prohibition with the 21st amendment, alcohol consumption doubled, while prohibition decreased use by 50 percent (Light). Another example can be found in Liverpool, England. After a recent legalization of drugs in a regulatory program that focuses on the medical benefits of drugs, most drug pushers there left town because there was no longer a market for them. This shows that legalization actually decreases use because of the increased emphasis on rehabilitation and the decrease of drug pushers. Such a dramatic decrease in drug dealers has not only resulted in crime reduction in England but there has also been a decrease of drug use. It is true, legalization will not eliminate the major cause of violent crime; however, most arguments, that say that drug legalization will not decrease crime, deal with the idea that most violent crimes occur as a result of alcohol use. If this is true, legalization will not effect crime that is alcohol related but it will decrease violent crime that is linked to drug dealing and use. The drugs themselves may not cause violent crime, but people involved in the distributing of illicit drugs commit the deadliest crime. By legalizing drugs the dealer would be eliminated and therefore crime would be reduced. Granted, the overall cost of drug use would not decrease; however, supporters of the continued war on drug and the further prohibition of these drugs say that legalization would cost more both socially and economically. They say that legalization would result in increased use and eventually will mean an increase in deaths with. Another result they say will be the decay of family values as a result of increased drug using mothers and children. Actually, the legalization of drugs will put money, which is used for law enforcement into the construction of better rehabilitation and education programs. Education is an essential element in this proposal because through education the problem will find a better than merely covering it up behind jail bars. Economically, for every dollar spent on drug treatment there is a $7 return due to decreased criminal activity. Through the regulation and supervision of the distribution of marijuana, there would be no increases in the number of drug-addicted newborns, nor will it induce the deterioration of society. Thus the overall cost of drug use would decrease and would bring new revenue for our nation. After looking at and knowing the pro and cons of marijuana legalization, I have decided that it is a valid and necessary solution to our country†s drug problem. By implementing such a program the American population can use its money and resources to combat the problem through rehabilitation and education instead of stalling the problem through the legal system. Legalization will decrease violent crime associated with drug dealers; it will decrease the number of users and will lower the wasteful cost, which is connected with the current system. Such legalization will not destroy our youth in any way, because the drugs will only be accessible to adults in the country. If we continue with our current system we will never solve the problem. Drug dealers and addicts will continue to crowd our prisons and plague our streets with violent crime with no hope for help and a better future. How to cite Legalizing the Use of Drugs, Papers

All About Me Essay Example For Students

All About Me Essay My story began at Parkland Hospital in Dallas Texas on November 10, 1965 when I was born Carrol Ann Davis. Weighing 5 pounds at birth, I lost down to 3 pounds when the doctors told my mother I would have to gain back up to 5 pounds before she would be able to take me home. I remained very petite all my life. Even today at the age of 49, at the height of 4’10† weighing in at only 100 pounds. I grew up in Dallas with my older brother, my dad and his parents, two of the most loving grandparents anyone could have had. I always considered myself blessed with two sets of parents, my birth parents and my grandparents. My mom and dad were divorced from the time I was born, and my dad always living with my grandparents where they helped him in raising both me and my brother and so my grandmother was more of my mom as any mom could be. She always told me I was the daughter she never had. I couldn’t have asked for a better mom than her. I was truly blessed. I started school at age 6 due to my birthday being after September. We will write a custom essay on All About Me specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When I was in 1st or 2nd grade they called my dad to come to school to discuss the spelling of my name. It seemed I was spelling it Carol, as I was always taught to be correct and even my dad believed to be the correct way in spelling, when they politely said was incorrect. On that day they informed me and my dad that I was to spell it Carrol as it was spelled on my birth certificate and by law had to be spelled just that way. My dad told me he never knew until that day that that is how it was spelled on my birth certificate. I still have never found out who or why it was spelled that way. However all my life and even sometimes still I have to give people the correct spelling for many different things necessary. At the age of 13 approaching the end of 7th grade I received a report card with all A’s. I couldn’t believe that I had become a straight A student. I even received in the mail a letter from the Attorney General congratulating me on my achievement. Then started receiving offers from high schools to go to a school of trade or business. We called them Magnet schools then. One being Skyline at that time. Not realizing really what it all meant then, I turned it down. And directly after that I met what would soon be my husband. I was 13 and he was 18, a man whose little brother I went to school with. After we met life as I knew it then changed forever. My dad of course did not agree and forbid it. The only way my dad knew to stop it was sending me to live with my mother. So then about a year and half later living in Kemp, only a short distance from Dallas, James, my husband now came to see me with my mother’s approval. A few months after my 15th birthday I discovered I was pregnant. This is when I also discovered that all though my dad raised both my brother and I, my mom had paper legal custody. My parent’s agreement in their divorce. So with that my mom agreed to let us marry. And at the age of 15 on February 13, 1981 I was married. Five months later, July 26, 1981 my daughter was born then five years after that, almost to the day, July 23, 1986, my son was born. My husband James and I actually just celebrated 34 years this month on Friday the 13th. I dropped out of school at the age of 15 after finding out I was pregnant. .u940a8679d47517a1c9f829332f6aafa9 , .u940a8679d47517a1c9f829332f6aafa9 .postImageUrl , .u940a8679d47517a1c9f829332f6aafa9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u940a8679d47517a1c9f829332f6aafa9 , .u940a8679d47517a1c9f829332f6aafa9:hover , .u940a8679d47517a1c9f829332f6aafa9:visited , .u940a8679d47517a1c9f829332f6aafa9:active { border:0!important; } .u940a8679d47517a1c9f829332f6aafa9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u940a8679d47517a1c9f829332f6aafa9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u940a8679d47517a1c9f829332f6aafa9:active , .u940a8679d47517a1c9f829332f6aafa9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u940a8679d47517a1c9f829332f6aafa9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u940a8679d47517a1c9f829332f6aafa9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u940a8679d47517a1c9f829332f6aafa9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u940a8679d47517a1c9f829332f6aafa9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u940a8679d47517a1c9f829332f6aafa9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u940a8679d47517a1c9f829332f6aafa9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u940a8679d47517a1c9f829332f6aafa9 .u940a8679d47517a1c9f829332f6aafa9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u940a8679d47517a1c9f829332f6aafa9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The dairy of anne frank EssayTwo years later at the age of 17 I tried to go back but was unable to afford babysitting and go to school full-time. When I attempted to get my GED they informed me I was too young. So I gave up. At the age of 19 I landed a job with Hartford Insurance Group where I worked for 13 years. I started out in the mail room and had worked my way up the ladder to Claims Service Representative. Earned an Adjusters License in Workers Compensation. However, still lacking the necessary educational background there were no further advancements for me. I got aggravated and left the company. Then about 10 years later, at the age of 44, my husband James of 30 years and I made some really bad choices that landed us both in jail. However it was then and there where I was able to go to school and get my GED. The main goal in my life was to get my GED, now here I was, not somewhere I ever expected to be and most certainly not proud of, but when I received that certificate of achievement I was very proud. Something I had longed for and pretty much gave up on ever receiving. After that I was even more determined to continue with my goal or as I choose to call it, my dream, and that is to continue my education by going to college. I always loved mathematics, working with numbers and wanted to own my own business someday. My goal now is to earn a degree in Business Management along with Accounting. I’m none to happy with some of the choices I’ve made in life but I am a very proud wife of 34 years, mother of two and grandmother of four. I feel I’m finally reaching my goals and dreams that I have longed for since a very young age and very determined to succeed. All About Me Essay Example For Students All About Me Essay â€Å"Remember that the happiest people are not those getting more, but those giving more†. This quote is the definition of me because I find happiness from serving others and not thinking about myself first. Thats what makes me happy and what makes other people feel happy is when you just give to them and love them. To start off my name is as you know Jacqueline Konzen and I was born at Scripps Hospital right here in San Diego and I have lived here ever since. I grew up in a christian household of 6 people with my mom (jennifer), dad (timothy), and my 3 brothers named Micah Nicholas and Landon. We will write a custom essay on All About Me specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There are three events that have shaped who I am today and that it my mission trip to Philadelphia a few summers ago, my baptism, and the passing of my dear friend Kiilani. Coming up this summer it will be three summers since I went on my first ever mission trip to Philadelphia. I was able to be put on the first ever Girl Corps where we worked alongside a group of special needs children where I was able to serve those children in activities like ziplining or basketball or canoeing. I mainly worked at the zipline where I caught the children as they came down and made sure that they were in safe hands are they crossed back over to the other side. It may not sound like a lot of fun after my body was getting slammed one after another after another but really seeing their faces as they zipped down is what made it all worth it, and how exhilarated they were once they landed. I also had one of the other girls with me at times to just assist if needed which was super nice to have company because now up to today she is one of my best friends. The group of girls on this mission trip was such a blessing in disguise, and each and everyone of them added such a vibrant feel to the group and an energy that never lost its spunk. We all grew extremely close to one another in the 2 weeks that we had together and I can definitely say that they are some of the most important people in my life till today and have been part of the shaping of who I was today. We have so many good memories together from laughter, to having mud fights, to adventuring through the woods, to worshiping God together with our whole hearts, and just downright loving each other. It was extremely hard leaving these girls knowing that I wont see them for who knows how long which broke my heart but I knew i was always going to have a special place in their heart and they would always have a special place in mine. I was so deeply impacted by this event in the way that I was able make lifelong friendships I knew I was never going to lose and I was taught so much beyond what my brain can sometimes fathom. Ive learned just about how to love someone and give them your heart to take care of them despite they may not give that back, also to be 100% honest with my friends and open about my life because thats what is going to make a true friendship, and to just live life in the moment and to not hold anything back. God has a big say in my life which is why I decided to get baptized almost 2 years ago to prove to myself and others that I was going to dedicate my life to God and God only. On october 22nd, 2013 I was baptized in the ocean of the Del Mar beach, and that was the most wonderful and best day of my life. .ufb3c6879632b6d6c9b843574fe6a2de2 , .ufb3c6879632b6d6c9b843574fe6a2de2 .postImageUrl , .ufb3c6879632b6d6c9b843574fe6a2de2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufb3c6879632b6d6c9b843574fe6a2de2 , .ufb3c6879632b6d6c9b843574fe6a2de2:hover , .ufb3c6879632b6d6c9b843574fe6a2de2:visited , .ufb3c6879632b6d6c9b843574fe6a2de2:active { border:0!important; } .ufb3c6879632b6d6c9b843574fe6a2de2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufb3c6879632b6d6c9b843574fe6a2de2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufb3c6879632b6d6c9b843574fe6a2de2:active , .ufb3c6879632b6d6c9b843574fe6a2de2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufb3c6879632b6d6c9b843574fe6a2de2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufb3c6879632b6d6c9b843574fe6a2de2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufb3c6879632b6d6c9b843574fe6a2de2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufb3c6879632b6d6c9b843574fe6a2de2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufb3c6879632b6d6c9b843574fe6a2de2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufb3c6879632b6d6c9b843574fe6a2de2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufb3c6879632b6d6c9b843574fe6a2de2 .ufb3c6879632b6d6c9b843574fe6a2de2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufb3c6879632b6d6c9b843574fe6a2de2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ryan DeMattia EssayIt started out as an idea that I just wanted to know God and build a relationship with Him in 8th grade so I decided to study the bible in order to achieve some of those things. I had studied the bible for 3 years which actually is a very long time when some people get baptized after 2 weeks of studying the bible but that was because I had so much to grow in for my character and to just learn about. It was a long and difficult process but I knew it was leading me to make one of the best decisions in my life that I could make. Once I got to the end point of studying the bible, I came to the spot where me and the people I was studying with believed I was ready to get baptized and to become a disciple of God and Jesus. The information was sent out to a bunch of friends and family that I wanted to get baptized, so then at 7pm everyone that wanted to come showed up at the beach. Everyone went around sharing about me, all positives. Once the sharing was finished the time had come where I had to go into the water and have a full immersion baptism. I cant even express how it felt going into the water and coming out so refreshed and could totally feel like a new person. I was so immensely impacted by this event because it changes my entire life and now I do nothing but everything for God. It has been 10 months since my good friend Kiilani passed away and each and everyday doesnt get better. On July 23rd last summer I was at dinner with my dad in Philadelphia at an italian restaurant. I was currently on a mission trip with my church and that was the one night my dad could visit me on his business trip. We were eating food, and I was enjoying a delicious heavenly margarita pizza that was to die for and I noticed had received a phone call from a good friend that was in Vegas who had been keeping in contact with me and updating me on how Kiilani was doing in the hospital. So I texted him asking â€Å"Whats up? † but he didnt reply and instead called me. That was the worst phone call of my life and the worst thing to ever hear from a friend was that â€Å"I just wanted to let you know that Kii passed away this afternoon†. Instantly I started balling and couldnt stop shaking. I didnt know how to process that one of my closest friends had just passed. Throughout the entire night my dad had taken me back to the camp and he had left to go back to his job, and it was non stop crying and shaking. I continued to feel sick to my gut and not understanding why this just happened. She was getting better, and now she had to be taken from me. It has been an extremely tough 10 months without her here or even just being able to text her or call her like we used to but I do know for certain that shes in a better place with God. My whole life changed because of this event and changed me as a person. If someone has shocking news or a surprised look on their face the first thought I have is oh no someone died. Im very sensitive to death and just the loss of someone and even watching the simple movies with knowing someone had died is hard for me. Especially going through the months of August-October I wasnt depressed but so close to that and I didnt even realize till February how big of a toll this death took on my heart and not closure or anything had been taken care of which made things all the more difficult for me emotionally and mentally. .uea28ec6241f15219b3eacbe21d6a7ea9 , .uea28ec6241f15219b3eacbe21d6a7ea9 .postImageUrl , .uea28ec6241f15219b3eacbe21d6a7ea9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uea28ec6241f15219b3eacbe21d6a7ea9 , .uea28ec6241f15219b3eacbe21d6a7ea9:hover , .uea28ec6241f15219b3eacbe21d6a7ea9:visited , .uea28ec6241f15219b3eacbe21d6a7ea9:active { border:0!important; } .uea28ec6241f15219b3eacbe21d6a7ea9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uea28ec6241f15219b3eacbe21d6a7ea9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uea28ec6241f15219b3eacbe21d6a7ea9:active , .uea28ec6241f15219b3eacbe21d6a7ea9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uea28ec6241f15219b3eacbe21d6a7ea9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uea28ec6241f15219b3eacbe21d6a7ea9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uea28ec6241f15219b3eacbe21d6a7ea9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uea28ec6241f15219b3eacbe21d6a7ea9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uea28ec6241f15219b3eacbe21d6a7ea9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uea28ec6241f15219b3eacbe21d6a7ea9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uea28ec6241f15219b3eacbe21d6a7ea9 .uea28ec6241f15219b3eacbe21d6a7ea9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uea28ec6241f15219b3eacbe21d6a7ea9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Impact of Globalisation on the Australian Econ EssayBut despite all of this and the aching in my heart theres so much I have learned from all of this. It has made me a more appreciative person for life and for the moments Im given with people, and to take advantage of everything that is put in front of my face. Also, that Gods timing is perfect and there is a reason why he took her. He was saving her from something devastating in the future that may have separated her from God, and that is wonderful to know and very calming for me to know where she is and the life she lived for God. Overall I know it may seem really tough and such a difficult situation to go through but it has made me a better person today. So the three main events in my life that have shaped me to who I am today are my mission trip to philadelphia with Girl Corps, my baptism, and the passing of my dear friend Kiilani. Through all these events you can see how the quote relates back to me on how I get my happiness by loving and serving people, and not from what the world may give my from life experiences and learning from and letting them shape you to who youre meant to be.

A Call for Foreign Intervention essays

A Call for Foreign Intervention essays The world as we know it is a tumultuous place of anarchy, malevolence, and controversy occasionally inhabited by able intermediaries and keepers of the peace. Within societies, due to what appear as irreconcilable differences, periods of discrepancy arise. These divergences sometimes can result in bloodshed, war, harsh economic recession, or callous purging of the basic rights of man. Under the milder of these crises, outside involvement is superfluous, for time usually heals the tide conflict, and foreign intervention may sometimes only add fuel to the fire of hate. However, when man is alienated from his basic rights and left unable to break free, it is the obligation of those sovereignties in able position to come to the aid of the torn people using any means necessary, and not to rest until harmony has been restored. Otherwise, the end of a people may be at hand, and the ignorance of the world may be more heinous than the problem itself. This imperative is evident among the myriad of civil conflicts in the ocean of time, each obstruction but a drop among countless others. Yet certain controversies of scandalously monumental magnitude sometimes stick out among scores of others because of their overwhelming heinousness. Two such atrocities include The Holocaust: result of total ignorance, internal and throughout the national community and the present Yugoslavian conflict in Serbia and minor Kosovo, the harvest of centuries of bickering in an area populated with similar people who are yet so irreconcilably different. These two conflicts show how intervention can be such a necessary element of world peace. As we entered the camp, the living skeletons still able to walk crowded around us and, though we wanted to drive farther into the place, the milling, pressing crowd would not let us. It is not an exaggeration to say that every inmate was insane with hunger. Just the sight of an American brought cheers, groans,...

The Contractual effect of a company’s articles of association The WritePass Journal

The Contractual effect of a company’s articles of association The Contractual effect of a company’s articles of association IntroductionPart 1: The constitutional debateConclusionBibliographyBooksStatuteRelated â€Å"The extent of the contractual effect of a company’s articles has long been a subject of controversy generating much academic debate, interest and at times consternation.†Griffin, S Companies Act 2006 – altering the contractual effect of the articles of association? Company Law Newsletter (2010), pages 1-4. (Available on WestLaw).Provide an overview of the academic debate in relation to the contractual effect of a company’s articles, highlighting specifically where the differences of opinion can be found. Introduction The Contractual effect of a company’s articles of association has long been a contentious concept which is commonly referred to as the â€Å"statutory contract†, distinguishable from normal commercial contracts and uniquely applicable to each and every member of a company as a separate and binding covenant[1]. S.33 of the Companies Act 2006 now forms the basis of this â€Å"multi-party† contract[2] and is the successor to s.14 of the Companies Act 1985. S.33 states that: â€Å"the provisions of the company’s constitution bind the company and its members to the same extent as if there were covenants on the part of the company and of each member to observe it†[3]. This formulation represents only a slight departure from s.14 which made no specific mention of whether the company was a party to the contract. This small lexical difference aside the words of the new provision largely replicate the language of the old and, in Sealy and Worthington’s opinion, mean that â€Å"the same uncertainties seem destined to plague this area†[4]. Since s.33 has come into force only two cases have mentioned it directly[5] and so the likely effects it will have are still largely theoretical and based on the controversy which dogged s.14. This essay will provide an overview of the company’s articles of association and in part 1 will examine the academic debate which has surrounded both s.14 and now s.33. Part 1: The constitutional debate The academic debate on s.14 centers on the extent to â€Å"which it regulated a company’s obligation to adhere to the terms of its articles in relation to dealing with its members†[6]. The extent of a company’s contractual obligation was, as noted above, notably absent from the 1985 version and this was the catalyst for a vigorous debate into the precise boundaries of the company in relation to the articles. Astbury J argued that s.14 creates rights and obligations between the company and its members but qualified it heavily by saying that this only applied in relation to those articles which regulated the rights and obligations of members generally[7]. Griffin characterizes this, in light of the case law, as being that a member can enforce only those parts of the articles which relate to a â€Å"pure membership obligation†[8] . Purely procedural issues, such as a member’s right to vote at a company meeting would be denied where the meeting related to an internal procedure but accepted where the meeting related to a more substantial issue of constitutional significance[9]. As Griffin points out there was strong opposition to Astbury J’s restricted view of the extent of a company’s contractual obligation under s.14 with Lord Wedderburn arguing that the obligation extended to all obligations save those which related to merely â€Å"internal procedures†[10] and as long as it was pursued by a member qua member and Gregory argued that, without exception, a member should be able to enforce every obligation within a company’s articles irrespective of status[11]. The new drafting of s.33, which is more expansive than s.14 in relation to the companies’ contractual obligations, would seem to support Lord Wedderburn and Gregory’s arguments[12]. As Griffin notes the wording was inserted late into the Company Law bill by Lord Wedderburn himself in the House of Lords and on a literal reading does reflect his teachings[13]. Section 33 has now been in operation since 2009 and it is still unclear as to whether it will evolve towards Lord Wedderburn’s views or remain entrenched with Astbury J. So far the courts have steered clear of deciding if it does[14] and Randall QC has only seen fit to mention the â€Å"slightly changed† language of s.33[15]. Conclusion In conclusion the contractual effect of the articles of association, notwithstanding the altered language employed in s.33, will remain contentious for many years to come. The debates which plagued s.14 of the 1985 Act have not yet been exorcised by the Companies Act 2006 and the key question remains as to the precise extent of a company’s contractual obligations under the articles. The lack of cases in the few years that s.33 has been operational would seem to hint that the courts are unwilling to give effect to Lord Wedderburn’s scholarly intentions much less Gregory’s. Sealy and Worthington are right when they warn that the problems behind s.14 will be inherited by s.33: â€Å"†¦this provision [s.14] has been an endless source of varying interpretations and conflicting analyses†¦the same uncertainties seem destined to plague this area†.[16] Bibliography Books Gower Davies (2008) Principles of Modern Company Law Sweet Maxwell: London Sealy Worthington (2008) Cases and Materials on Company Law Oxford Uni Press: Oxford Journals Gregory, R (1981) ‘The Section 20 Contract’ Modern Law Review 44 p.526 Griffin, S (2010) ‘Companies Act 2006 – altering the contractual effect of the articles of association?’ Company Law Newsletter Lord Wedderburn (1957) ‘Shareholders’ Rights and the Rule in Foss v Harbottle’ Company Law Journal p.194 Scanlan, Gary Ryan, Chris (2007) ‘The Accrual of Claims for Breach of Contract Under s.14 Companies Act 1985 and s.33 Companies Act 2006: The Continuing Obligation’ Company Lawyer 28(12) pp367-371 Cases Cream Holdings Limited v Stuart Davenport [2010] EWHC 3096 (Ch) Fulham Football Club (1987) Ltd v Richards and another   [2010] EWHC 3111 (Ch) Hickman v Kent or Romney Marsh Sheepbreeders’ Association [1915] 1 Ch.881 Statute Companies Act 2006 Companies Act 1985 [1] Scanlan, Gary Ryan, Chris (2007) ‘The Accrual of Claims for Breach of Contract Under s.14 Companies Act 1985 and s.33 Companies Act 2006: The Continuing Obligation’ Company Lawyer 28(12) pp367-371 [2] Gower Davies (2008) Principles of Modern Company Law Sweet Maxwell: London [3] Companies Act 2006, s.33 [4] Sealy Worthington (2008) Cases and Materials on Company Law Oxford Uni Press: Oxford at p.250 [5] Fulham Football Club (1987) Ltd v Richards and another   [2010] EWHC 3111 (Ch) Cream Holdings Limited v Stuart Davenport [2010] EWHC 3096 (Ch) [6] Griffin, S (2010) ‘Companies Act 2006 – altering the contractual effect of the articles of association?’ Company Law Newsletter at p.1 [7] Hickman v Kent or Romney Marsh Sheepbreeders’ Association [1915] 1 Ch.881 at 900 per Astbury J [8] Griffin, S (2010) ‘Companies Act 2006 – altering the contractual effect of the articles of association?’ Company Law Newsletter at p.1 [9] Macdougall v Gardiner (1875-6) L.R.1 Ch.D.13 (CA) [10] Lord Wedderburn (1957) ‘Shareholders’ Rights and the Rule in Foss v Harbottle’ Company Law Journal p.194 [11] Gregory, R (1981) ‘The Section 20 Contract’ Modern Law Review 44 p.526 [12] Griffin, S (2010) ‘Companies Act 2006 – altering the contractual effect of the articles of association?’ Company Law Newsletter at p.2 [13] Ibid at p.4 [14] Fulham Football Club (1987) Ltd v Richards and another   [2010] EWHC 3111 (Ch) at para 59 per Vos J [15] Cream Holdings Limited v Stuart Davenport [2010] EWHC 3096 (Ch) at para 27 per Randall QC [16] Sealy Worthington (2008) Cases and Materials on Company Law Oxford Uni Press: Oxford at p.250